A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom is inserted between two atoms. When it was proposed by the American Pauling, it was called a hydrogen bridge bond. In other words, it was thought that a hydrogen atom acts as a middleman between two atoms with high electronegativity to form a weak bond. In the water in ice, oxygen atoms form a diamond lattice with hydrogen atoms as the middleman. This is called an intermolecular hydrogen bond. In o (ortho)-hydroxybenzaldehyde, a hydrogen bond is formed between the carbonyl group C=O at the ortho position and the hydroxyl group -OH. This is called an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The bond energy of a hydrogen bond is about 8.4 to 33.5 kilojoules per mole, which is a fraction of that of a covalent bond. The strongest hydrogen bond is found in hydrogen fluoride (40 kilojoules). As a result of hydrogen bonds, various physical properties are abnormal. For example, water has a higher boiling point and melting point than its congeners hydrogen sulfide H 2 S and hydrogen selenide H 2 Se. In addition, acetic acid and benzoic acid usually exist as dimers (an association of two molecules) formed through hydrogen bonds. [Takashi Shimozawa] [Reference] | |Hydrogen bonds in ice ©Shogakukan "> Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bonds in -hydroxybenzaldehyde ©Shogakukan "> Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Benzoic acid dimer ©Shogakukan "> Dimer formation by hydrogen bonding Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
二つの原子間に水素原子が入る化学結合。アメリカのポーリングによって提唱されたときは、水素橋結合といわれた。すなわち、水素原子が仲立ちとなって、電気陰性度の大きい二つの原子が弱い結合をつくると考えた。氷の中の水は、酸素原子が水素原子を仲立ちとしてダイヤモンド格子をつくっている。これを分子間水素結合という。o(オルト)-ヒドロキシベンズアルデヒドでは、オルト位のカルボニル基C=Oとヒドロキシ基-OHとの間に水素結合ができる。これを分子内水素結合という。水素結合の結合エネルギーは1モル当り約8.4~33.5キロジュール程度で、共有結合のそれの数分の1にあたる。いちばん強い水素結合は、フッ化水素にみられる(40数キロジュール)。水素結合の結果、種々の物性に異常性がみられる。たとえば、水は同族の硫化水素H2S、セレン化水素H2Seより沸点・融点ともに高い。また、酢酸や安息香酸は通常、水素結合を介して二量体(2分子が結び付いた会合体)として存在している。 [下沢 隆] [参照項目] | |氷の中の水素結合©Shogakukan"> 分子間水素結合 -ヒドロキシベンズアルデヒドの中の水素結合©Shogakukan"> 分子内水素結合 安息香酸の二量体©Shogakukan"> 水素結合による二量体の形成 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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