Generally speaking, it refers to an emotion or attitude of attachment or devotion to an objective cause or ideal that transcends the ego, or to a superior, group, or institution to which the ego belongs. This emotion results in a willingness to support and act for the object of loyalty in the relatively long term, and an attitude of willingness to make certain moral, emotional, and material sacrifices. Political loyalty is loyalty to important political objects in the life of the political community, including formal institutions, political parties, interest groups, political leaders, classes, the military, constitutions, traditions, symbols and myths, history, and national missions. Political loyalty is somewhere between patriotism and obligation. It is cooler in emotion, more rational in its basis, and less comprehensive in its object than patriotism, and warmer, less rational, and more comprehensive than obligation. Political loyalties form part of the political culture of a political system, and their objects and their interconnections, strength, scope and patterns of influence have an important influence on the functioning and stability-instability of each political system. Patterns of political loyalty have changed historically. For example, in classical Greece and Rome, the highest value was the personal loyalty of citizens to the polis-like community. From late antiquity to the Middle Ages, on the one hand, religious loyalty to the Catholic Church and its doctrines was considered the highest value, while on the other hand there was the local, semi-personal loyalty of feudalism, but generally the former was superior to the latter. In modern times, especially after the 18th century, the concept of "nation" or "ethnic group" became the most comprehensive object of mass political loyalty (especially in the "age of nationalism" after the French Revolution). On the other hand, with the development of modern capitalism, "loyalty to class" came into conflict with "loyalty to nation and state" in the labor movement, etc., partly due to the influence of socialist ideas. The collapse of the so-called Second International following the outbreak of World War I is a dramatic example of this conflict. Today, in developing countries, the creation of national loyalty and a sense of national identification is a top political issue. In contrast, in developed industrial nations, there is said to be a strong tendency for individual loyalties to become pluralized, fragmented, and instrumentalized. In any case, whether East or West, North or South, in times of rapid social change and crisis, the plentifulness of loyalties is leading to conflicts of loyalty, highlighting the importance of loyalty disputes. This is why a key global political issue today is how to prevent the dangerous tendency to equate loyalty with obedience and criticism with disloyalty. [Taguchi Fukuji] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般的には自我を超えた客観的な大義名分や理念、または自我の属する上級者、集団、制度などに対する愛着・傾倒の感情・態度をいう。この感情がもたらすものは、忠誠の対象を相対的に長期的に喜んで支持し、そのために行動することであり、ある程度の道徳的・感情的・物質的犠牲を払うことをいとわないという態度である。政治的忠誠とは、政治的共同社会の生活において重要な政治的対象に向けられた忠誠であり、その対象には、公式的制度、政党、利益集団、政治指導者、階級、軍隊、憲法、伝統、象徴や神話、歴史と民族的使命などが含まれる。政治的忠誠は、愛国(郷)心patriotismと法的義務obligationとの中間に位置する。それは愛国心と比べると、感情的にはよりクールで、その基礎においてより合理的で、その対象において包括性の度が低く、義務と比べると、より暖かで、合理性の度が低く、より包括的である。政治的忠誠はある政治システムの政治文化の一部を構成し、その諸対象とその相互連関、強度、影響範囲、パターンは、それぞれの政治システムの作動能力や安定―不安定に重要な影響を及ぼす。 政治的忠誠のパターンは、歴史的に変化してきている。たとえば古典古代のギリシア、ローマにおいては、市民のポリス的共同体への全人格的忠誠は、最高の価値とされた。古代末期から中世にかけては、一方ではカトリック教会とその教義への宗教的忠誠が最高の価値とされ、他方では封建主義の地方的で半人格的な忠誠が存在したが、一般的には前者が後者に優越していた。近代、とくに18世紀以降になると、「国民」ないし「民族」の概念が、もっとも包括的な大衆的政治的忠誠の対象となるが(とくにフランス革命以降の「ナショナリズムの時代」)、他方、近代資本主義の展開に伴って、労働運動等においては社会主義思想の影響もあって「階級への忠誠」が「国民・国家への忠誠」と相克するようになった。第一次世界大戦の勃発(ぼっぱつ)に伴ういわゆる第二インターナショナルの崩壊は、この相克の劇的事例である。 今日、発展途上国においては、国民的忠誠と国民的自己同定感情(アイデンテイフイケーシヨン)の創出が、最重要政治課題となっているが、それとは対照的に、先進工業諸国家においては、個々人の忠誠の、多元化、部分化、道具化の傾向が強いといわれる。いずれにせよ、洋の東西南北を問わず、急速な社会変化と危機の時代においては、忠誠の多元化が忠誠の相克に進み、忠誠紛争の重要性をクローズアップする。忠誠が信従に、批判が不忠誠に等置される危険な傾向をどう防止するかが、今日のグローバルな重要な政治課題であるゆえんである。 [田口富久治] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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