Appendicitis - Appendicitis

Japanese: 虫垂炎 - ちゅうすいえん(英語表記)Appendicitis
Appendicitis - Appendicitis

What is the disease?

Appendicitis is a disease in which purulent inflammation occurs in the appendix. Appendicitis ( Just a little longer ) It is a 5-10cm long, 6-8cm long, and pencil-thick protrusion that protrudes from the end of the rectum (the lower part of the abdomen where the small intestine connects to the large intestine). The appendix is ​​said to be involved in immunity because it contains lymphatic tissue, but it is considered an unnecessary organ, at least in adults.

Appendicitis is commonly known as "appendicitis" or "appendicitis" because in the past, appendicitis was often discovered late and the inflammation had already spread to the appendix.

Diseases that cause sudden, severe abdominal pain and require surgical treatment are collectively called "acute abdominal diseases," and appendicitis is the most common of these, with one in 15 people said to suffer from this disease at some point in their lives. Appendicitis peaks in people in their teens and twenties, but it can occur in any age group, including children and the elderly. There is no difference between men and women.

Appendicitis has a good prognosis if properly treated, but if left untreated, the appendix may rupture and leak intestinal contents, including bacteria, into the abdominal cavity. abscess ( Use ) It can also cause the formation of a pus-filled bladder (a collection of infected pus) or lead to fatal peritonitis. In addition, the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream and throughout the body. Sepsis ( Dismissal ) (bacteremia, sepsis, septic shock) and can be life-threatening. In fact, it was once considered a dreaded disease with a mortality rate of over 60%.

What is the cause?

The cause of appendicitis is still not fully understood, but it is thought to begin when the opening of the appendix becomes blocked or narrowed by feces (fecal stones), foreign bodies, hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue, or, in rare cases, tumors. This causes the internal pressure of the appendix to rise, leading to poor blood circulation, which allows bacteria to enter and cause an infection, resulting in acute inflammation.

Depending on the severity of the inflammation, it can be catarrhal (mild inflammation of the mucous membrane), Cellulitis ( Report ) (full-thickness purulent inflammation), gangrene ( Eso ) (full thickness of appendix wall) Necrosis ( Replying to @sarah_mcdonald ) ) and most cases of appendicitis start as catarrhal and progress to cellulitis and gangrenous as the inflammation progresses. In gangrenous appendicitis, Perforation ( flash ) When this occurs, peritonitis may occur.

How symptoms manifest

The main symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of appetite, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The typical progression is sudden pain in the upper abdomen and around the navel, followed by fever, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. The nausea subsides within a few hours, and the pain moves to the lower right abdomen within a few hours to 24 hours. The pain worsens when you press and release this area ( Rebound pain ( Stamp ) , Blumberg's sign). However, these typical symptoms are not seen in many cases, with only about half of cases showing them.

Fever is often a slight fever of 37 to 38 degrees Celsius, but if it is above 39 degrees Celsius, perforated peritonitis or abscess formation should be considered.

Testing and diagnosis

If the pain starts in the entire abdomen or in the solar plexus, and gradually moves to the lower right abdomen, and you also experience nausea, vomiting, and fever, you may have appendicitis. However, these symptoms are not specific to appendicitis, and they can also be caused by urinary stones, acute enteritis, Diverticulosis of the colon ( Chief Architect ) It can also be seen in inflammation in the pelvis. Therefore, when making a diagnosis, these other diseases are taken into consideration, and the diagnosis is made by comprehensively examining the abdomen (palpation) and taking blood samples, taking abdominal X-rays, taking ultrasound scans, etc. The white blood cell count, which indicates the degree of inflammation, is particularly important, and in the case of appendicitis, the value is abnormally high.

Palpation is focused on tenderness (pain when pressed) in the right lower abdomen. If appendicitis progresses to a perforation in the appendix wall, causing acute peritonitis, the abdominal wall becomes tense and hard like a board ( Muscle Guarding ( Healthcare worker ) In addition, if acute peritonitis occurs, pain increases the moment the pressure on the abdomen is released (Blumberg's sign). This is an indication that the peritoneum is irritated, and is important in determining whether surgery is appropriate.

When taking blood samples, the white blood cell count and CRP (chemical reactive protein) values, which indicate the degree of inflammation, are important. When inflammation occurs, the white blood cell count increases early on, and in cases of acute appendicitis, it is said that about 90% of people show a value of 10,000/μ or more. This value is also a guideline for determining the method of treatment. In elderly people, it may be difficult to get a reaction.

In typical cases of appendicitis, the diagnosis is made clinically based on symptoms, abdominal findings, and blood tests. In cases where findings are atypical or unclear, particularly in children or mentally disabled people with vague complaints, or elderly people who do not show symptoms such as fever or leukocytosis despite the progression of inflammation, abdominal ultrasound or CT scans may be used to confirm morphological changes in the appendix. These imaging tests are effective in diagnosing appendicitis with a certain degree of inflammation, and confirm a large swollen appendix and thickened appendix wall. They can also confirm fecal stones inside the appendix, pus (abscess) and ascites around the appendix, and intestinal paralysis.

It is said that appendicitis is misdiagnosed in about 10% of cases. In women, the following diseases require differential diagnosis: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ovarian bleeding, ovarian hyperplasia, etc. Cyst pedicle torsion ( Noushukeien ) , ectopic pregnancy, etc. Next, intestinal diseases include diverticulitis of the colon, especially near the cecum, Meckel's diverticulitis, Ileocecal area ( Kaimobu ) Peritoneal inflammation, intussusception, and nearby colon cancer. In children, acute mesenteric lymphadenitis is an easily misdiagnosed disease.

Treatment methods

As mentioned above, acute appendicitis is broadly divided into three stages, and is classified from mildest to mildest: catarrhal, cellulitis, and gangrenous. In the past, if appendicitis was diagnosed, surgery was performed on all cases. However, recent advances in drug therapy have made it possible for catarrhal appendicitis to be cured with medical treatment using antibiotics. The term "spraying appendicitis" is often used, which refers to the use of drugs to relieve inflammation. However, in the case of drug therapy, there is a 10-20% chance of recurrence.

If there is clear sign of peritoneal irritation or if the appendix is ​​1 cm or larger on imaging test Swelling ( Subject ) If the appendix wall structure is disrupted or an abscess is present, it means that the appendicitis has progressed to cellulitis or gangrene, and emergency surgery is required. If surgery is performed early, the mortality rate is very low at less than 1%, and hospitalization is only about one week.

There are two types of surgical methods: the traditional "open surgery" and "surgery using a laparoscope." First, open surgery includes the "cross incision method" and the " Pararectus abdominis ( Foot pain ) The advantage of the cross incision method is that the scar is not noticeable. On the other hand, the pararectus abdominis incision method is that if there is pus in the abdomen, the length of the incision can be extended in that direction.

Laparoscopic surgery requires only small incisions in the abdomen, so the scars are extremely small and hospital stays are short, only 2 to 3 days.

Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, so if you are going to have surgery, it is important to listen carefully to your doctor's explanation before making a choice.

What to do if you notice an illness

Of course, if you have all the main symptoms of appendicitis, such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever, you should see a doctor as soon as possible, but even if you don't have any typical symptoms, if you suspect appendicitis, you should see a doctor as soon as possible. Appendicitis does not get better on its own, and if left untreated, it can perforate and cause peritonitis, which can be life-threatening. In particular, in the case of children, the time between the onset of symptoms and perforation is short, so care must be taken.

Hiroshi Takeda

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 虫垂炎は、虫垂に化膿性の炎症が起こる病気です。虫垂は、盲腸(もうちょう)(右下腹部の小腸から大腸につながった下の部分)の先に突き出た5~10㎝ほどの先端が閉じた突起物で、長さ6~8㎝、太さは鉛筆程度です。虫垂は、リンパ組織が集まっているため、免疫に関与するともいわれていますが、少なくとも成人では不要と考えられている臓器です。

 虫垂炎は、一般には「盲腸」あるいは「盲腸炎」という通称で知られていますが、これは昔、虫垂炎の発見が遅れ、炎症が盲腸まで広がった状態で発見されたケースが多かったためです。

 急に激しい腹痛を訴え、外科的な治療を必要とする病気を総称して「急性腹症」といいますが、虫垂炎はそのなかでも最も頻度の高いもので、15人に1人が一生に一度この病気にかかるといわれます。虫垂炎の発症のピークは10~20代ですが、小児や高齢者も含めてどの年齢層でもみられます。男女差はありません。

 虫垂炎は適切に治療されれば予後のよい病気ですが、治療しないまま放置しておくと、虫垂は破裂し、細菌を含んだ腸の内容物が腹腔内へ漏出して膿瘍(のうよう)(感染によるうみがたまったもの)を形成したり、腹膜炎を起こして命取りになることもあります。また、細菌が血流に乗って全身に広がると敗血症(はいけつしょう)(菌血症、敗血症、敗血症性ショック)になり、命を脅かすこともあります。実際、かつては死亡率が60%以上もある恐ろしい病気と考えられていました。

原因は何か

 虫垂炎の原因はまだ完全にはわかっていませんが、糞便(糞石)や異物、リンパ組織の過形成、まれには腫瘍などで虫垂の入り目がふさがったり、狭くなることがきっかけになると考えられています。これにより、虫垂の内圧が上昇して血行が悪くなり、そこに細菌が進入して感染を起こし、急性の炎症が起こると考えられています。

 炎症の程度により、カタル性(粘膜層の軽い炎症)、蜂窩織炎(ほうかしきえん)性(全層の化膿性炎症)、壊疽(えそ)性(虫垂壁全層の壊死(えし))に分類され、多くの虫垂炎はカタル性から始まり、炎症が進むにつれて蜂窩織炎性、壊疽性へと進展します。壊疽性では、穿孔(せんこう)に至ると腹膜炎を合併します。

症状の現れ方

 腹痛、食欲不振、発熱、吐き気、嘔吐が主な症状です。典型的な経過としては、上腹部やへそのまわりが突然痛み出し、次に発熱、吐き気や嘔吐、食欲不振が起こります。数時間もすると吐き気は止まり、数時間から24時間以内に痛みが右下腹部に移ってきます。この部分を押して離した時に痛みがひどくなります(反跳痛(はんちょうつう)、ブルンベルグ徴候)。ただ、このような典型的な症状を示すことは決して多くなく、半数程度にすぎません。

 発熱は37~38℃の微熱のことが多く、39℃以上の場合は穿孔性腹膜炎や膿瘍形成を考える必要があります。

検査と診断

 疼痛が腹部全体やみずおち(みぞおち)に始まり、次第に右下腹部に移動して、吐き気、嘔吐、発熱を認めた場合、虫垂炎の可能性が考えられます。しかし、こうした症状は虫垂炎に特有というわけではなく、尿路結石、急性腸炎、大腸憩室症(だいちょうけいしつしょう)、骨盤内での炎症などでもみられます。したがって、診断に際しては、これらの他の病気も視野に入れながら、おなかの診察(触診)を軸に採血、腹部のX線撮影、超音波検査などの結果を総合して診断します。とくに重要なのは炎症の程度を示す白血球数で、虫垂炎の場合には、その値が異常に高くなります。

 触診は、右下腹部の圧痛(押した時の痛み)がポイントとなります。虫垂炎が進んで虫垂壁に穴があいて(穿孔)、急性腹膜炎を起こすと、腹壁の緊張が増して板のように硬くなります(筋性防御(きんせいぼうぎょ))。また、急性腹膜炎を合併した場合には、腹部を圧迫して手を離す瞬間に痛みが増強します(ブルンベルグ徴候)が、これは腹膜が刺激された状態で、手術適応を判断する際に重要です。

 採血では、炎症の程度を表す白血球数や反応蛋白(CRP)の値が問題となります。炎症が起こると、早期に白血球が増加し、急性虫垂炎の場合では約90%の人で10000/μ以上の値を示すといわれます。この値も治療の方法を決定するひとつの指針となります。高齢者では反応が出にくいことがあります。

 典型的な虫垂炎の場合は、診断は症状、おなかの所見、血液検査から臨床的に行います。所見が非典型的または不確かな場合、とくに訴えのあいまいな子どもや精神障害者、炎症の進行にもかかわらず症状や発熱、白血球増多などの現れにくい高齢者では、腹部超音波検査やCT検査で虫垂の形態的な変化を確認して診断することがあります。これらの画像検査は、ある程度炎症が進行した虫垂炎の診断に有効で、大きくはれた虫垂や虫垂壁の肥厚を確認します。また、虫垂内部の糞石や、虫垂のまわりのうみ(膿瘍)や腹水、腸管の麻痺像も確認できます。

 虫垂炎は約10%ほどの誤診があるといわれています。鑑別診断を要する病気として、女性では、骨盤内炎症性疾患(PID)、卵巣出血、卵巣嚢腫茎捻転(のうしゅけいねんてん)、子宮外妊娠、などがあります。次に腸の病気として、結腸とくに盲腸近くの大腸憩室炎、メッケル憩室炎、回盲部(かいもうぶ)周囲炎、腸重積症、この近くの大腸がんなどがあります。小児では、急性腸間膜リンパ節炎が誤診しやすい病気です。

治療の方法

 急性虫垂炎の病期は、前述したように大きく3段階に分かれており、軽いほうからカタル性、蜂窩織炎性、壊疽性と分類されています。かつては虫垂炎との診断が得られれば、すべて手術していました。しかし最近では、薬物療法が進歩し、カタル性のものについては、抗生物質による内科的治療で治るようになっています。よく「虫垂炎をちらす」といういい方をしますが、これは薬剤で炎症を緩和することを指します。ただし、薬物療法の場合、10~20%の割合で再発します。

 腹膜刺激徴候が明らかな場合や、画像検査で虫垂が1㎝以上に腫大(しゅだい)して虫垂の壁構造の破綻や膿瘍がある場合は、虫垂炎が蜂窩織炎性や壊疸性まで進んだことを意味しており、緊急手術が必要です。早期に手術を行った場合、死亡率は1%未満と非常に低く、入院期間も1週間程度ですみます。

 手術方法としては、従来から行われている「開腹手術」と、「腹腔鏡を用いる手術」の2通りがあります。まず、開腹手術ですが、これには「交差切開法」と「傍腹直筋(ぼうふくちょっきん)切開法」があります。交差切開法は傷が目立たないのが利点です。一方、傍腹直筋切開法は、おなかのなかにうみがたまっていた場合でも、その方向に切開する長さを延長できるのが特徴です。

 腹腔鏡による手術は、おなかに小さな穴をあけるだけですから、傷が極めて小さく、入院期間も2~3日で短くてすみます。

 それぞれの方法には、メリット、デメリットがありますので、手術を受ける場合には、医師の説明を十分に聞いてから選択することが大事です。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 腹痛、嘔吐、発熱という虫垂炎の主症状がそろっている場合にはもちろんですが、典型的な症状が出ていなくても、虫垂炎を疑った場合には、ともかく医師の診察を早く受けるべきです。虫垂炎は自然によくなることはなく、放っておくと、穿孔して腹膜炎を起こし命にかかわります。とくに小児の場合は、症状が出現してから穿孔を起こすまでの時間が短いので注意しなくてはなりません。

武田 宏司

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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