Bank of China Ltd.

Japanese: 中国銀行 - ちゅうごくぎんこう(英語表記)Bank of China Ltd.
Bank of China Ltd.

A major commercial bank in China. It is abbreviated as Zhongxing or Zhongxing in Chinese and BOC in English. It was previously the largest foreign exchange bank in the country, excluding the People's Bank of China (the central bank), but became a state-owned commercial bank in 1994 due to financial system reforms, and was incorporated in 2004.

It has the longest history of any bank still existing in China. The Bank of China was established in 1912, formerly the Bank of China, which was established by the Qing Dynasty government in 1905. From its establishment until 1928, it served as the government's central bank. In 1928, it was reorganized as a government-chartered foreign exchange specialist bank with its head office in Shanghai. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, it was reorganized as the Overseas Operations Bureau of the People's Bank of China, while retaining its name, and lost its independence as a bank. After the start of the Reform and Opening-up policy, it was separated from the People's Bank and became independent in 1979. After the mid-1980s, when mutual entry into interbank business was permitted, it diversified its business to include deposits and loans in foreign and domestic currencies, with foreign exchange business as its main business. As a foreign exchange bank, it has branches in developed countries such as Japan, Europe, and the United States, as well as major cities in Asia, and is the only Chinese bank to carry out international business. It has played a major role as a gateway for financing from the international financial market to China. In 1980, it issued foreign currency certificates for foreigners to use in China to pay for travel and shopping expenses (abolished in 1994). In 1982, it established the Hong Kong and Macau Administration Office in Hong Kong, which was directly under the head office and managed the Hong Kong and Macau branch and the bank under its umbrella, the Bank of China Holdings. In 1994, the Bank of China Holdings became the third bank issuing Hong Kong dollars after the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited and Standard Chartered Bank. In 1994, it became a state-run commercial bank due to China's financial reform. Meanwhile, in 1995, it began issuing banknotes in Hong Kong and Macau. In 1997, it opened Bank of China International Holdings Limited in London. In October 2001, as a result of the merger of 10 member banks of the Bank of China Group, the Hong Kong branch became independent as the Bank of China (Hong Kong).

In August 2004, Bank of China was incorporated as a joint stock company. It is one of the four major commercial banks in China, and is said to be aspiring to universal banking (a diversified business model that ranges from deposit and lending to securities and insurance). Since September 2008, the bank has gradually expanded its scale of operations by starting euro foreign currency deposit services and expanding renminbi cash exchange services. As of 2018, the bank's deposit balance was 14.8836 trillion yuan, total assets were 21.2673 trillion yuan, and loans were 11.8193 trillion yuan. The bank operates in 57 countries and regions, and has 310,119 employees.

[Takao Kamikawa and Hideki Sato May 21, 2019]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国の大手商業銀行。中国語では中銀もしくは中行、英語ではBOCと略される。以前は、中国人民銀行(中央銀行)を除けば、国内最大規模の外国為替(かわせ)専門銀行であったが、1994年の金融制度改革により国有商業銀行となり、さらに2004年には株式会社化された。

 中国国内に現存する銀行のなかではもっとも長い歴史をもつ。中国銀行は1905年に清朝(しんちょう)政府が設立した戸部銀行(こぶぎんこう)を前身として1912年に設立された。設立から1928年までは政府の中央銀行としての機能を担った。1928年に改組され、上海(シャンハイ)に本店を置く政府特許の外国為替専門銀行となった。1949年、中華人民共和国建国後は中国銀行の名称は保持しつつ中国人民銀行の海外業務局に改組され、銀行としての独立性を失った。改革開放の開始後、1979年に人民銀行から分離、独立。1980年代なかばの銀行間業務の相互乗入れ容認後は、外国為替業務を主体に外貨・内貨の預金・貸付業務など多様化を進めた。外国為替銀行であったという性格上、日本や欧米など先進諸国やアジアの主要都市に支店をもち、中国の銀行として唯一の国際業務を行っている。国際金融市場から中国への資金調達窓口として果たしてきた役割は大きい。1980年には外国人が中国で旅費や買い物の支払いに用いる外貨兌換券(だかんけん)を発行(1994年廃止)。1982年には香港(ホンコン)に本店直属の港澳管理処(こうおうかんりしょ)を設立し、香港・マカオ支店とその傘下銀行によって形成される香港・マカオ中銀集団を一括して管理していた。香港・マカオ中銀集団は1994年から香港上海銀行、スタンダード・チャータード銀行に次ぐ第三の香港ドル発券銀行となった。なお、1994年には中国の金融改革により国営の商業銀行となった。一方、1995年には香港とマカオで銀行券の発行を開始。1997年にはロンドンで中国銀行国際持株有限公司(コンス)を開業した。2001年10月、中国銀行グループの10の加盟行の合併の結果、香港分行は「中国銀行(香港)」として独立している。

 2004年8月、中国銀行は株式会社化を実施した。同行は中国の四大商業銀行の一角を占め、ユニバーサル・バンキング(預金貸付業務から証券、保険業務にまで及ぶ多角的な業務形態)を志向しているといわれる。2008年9月以降、ユーロ外貨預金業務の開始、人民元現金両替業務の拡大等により、徐々に経営規模を拡大している。2018年時点の預金残高は14兆8836億元、総資産は21兆2673億元。また、貸出金は11兆8193億元。57か国・地域に業務展開を行っており、従業員数は31万0119人。

[上川孝夫・佐藤秀樹 2019年5月21日]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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