Generally speaking, this refers to a way of thinking that sees one's own culture as superior and at the center of the world, and looks down on surrounding cultures that differ from it. This kind of thinking was particularly strong in China in East Asia, and is sometimes called the "Hua-Yi ideology" because it places "barbarians" on the periphery of "China." This ideology was originally formed as part of the Confucian theory of kingly politics. Confucianism's ideal is for the Son of Heaven (king) to universally educate the people through his virtue, so the "kinghood" should extend to not only the land of China where the king lives, but also to the borders and areas outside the fortress, and so even if someone is currently a barbarian, there is the possibility that they could one day in the future be assimilated into Chinese culture. This idea of cultural assimilation based on the virtue of the king was formed in China during the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) through the Qin and Han dynasties. Prior to that, until the Spring and Autumn period (8th to 5th centuries BCE), the different races of Rong, Di, Barbarians, and Yi were merely politically excluded by the Chinese feudal lords. However, when states that controlled relatively large territories, such as the "Seven Warring States," emerged, the different races that had been excluded as Rong, Di, Barbarians, and Yi were incorporated into the territorial rule of the prefectures and counties, and it was considered that they could rise to the status of China if the virtue of the "king" extended. Sinocentrism acknowledges the existence of different cultures not because it recognizes the unique value of their cultures, but only to the extent that they have the potential to be assimilated into Chinese culture. Therefore, envoys from foreign countries were accepted to a certain extent by paying "tribute" to China out of admiration for it. Sinocentrism considers itself the only supreme center under the world, and therefore does not acknowledge the existence of neighboring, equal countries. Having a concept of borders and territory that limits China would deny the possibility of the expansion of "kinghood." However, it cannot be denied that the vagueness of such concepts regarding borders and territory made it easier for the great powers to divide up Chinese territory and interests in modern times. [Yoshihiko Ogura] “Research on Ancient Chinese Political Thought” by Yoshihiko Ogura (1970, Aoki Shoten) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般的に、自己の文化が最高で天下の中心に位置するとみて、それと異なる周辺の文化を蔑視(べっし)する考え方をいう。こういう思想がとくに根強く存在したのは、東アジアでは中国であり、「中華」の周辺に「夷狄(いてき)」を配するところから「華夷思想」とよぶこともある。この思想は、もともと儒教の王道政治理論の一部として形成された。儒教は天子(王者)がその徳によって民をあまねく教化することを理想とするから、王者の住む中華の土地はむろんのこと、辺境や塞外(さいがい)も「王化」が及ぶはずの地域であり、たとえ現在は夷狄であっても、将来いつの日にか中華の文化に同化する可能性があることになる。 こういう王者の徳を基準にした文化的な同化思想が中国で形成されたのは、戦国時代(前5~前3世紀)から秦(しん)・漢時代にかけてのことであった。それ以前の春秋時代(前8~前5世紀)ごろまでは、戎(じゅう)、狄、蛮(ばん)、夷の異種族は中華の諸侯から政治的に排除されるだけであった。ところが「戦国の七雄」とよばれるような、比較的広い領域を支配する国家が出現するようになると、それまで戎、狄、蛮、夷として排除されていた異種族もその郡県制領域支配のなかに取り込まれ、「王者」の徳が及べば中華に上昇する可能性があるとみなされるようになった。中華思想が、異なった種族の文化の存在を認めるのは、彼らの文化の独自の価値を認めるからではなくて、あくまで中華文化に同化する可能性をもつ限りにおいてである。したがって外国からくる使節も、中華を慕って「朝貢」したという形をとることによって、わずかに受け入れられた。 中華思想は、自己を天下で唯一の最高の中心と考えるから、隣接する対等の国の存在を認めない。ここまでが中国だと自らを限定する国境や領土の観念をもつことは、「王化」の拡大する可能性を否定することになるからである。しかし、そうした国境や領土に関する観念のあいまいさが、近代以降になり、列強による中国領土・利権の分割を容易にさせたことは否定できない。 [小倉芳彦] 『小倉芳彦著『中国古代政治思想研究』(1970・青木書店)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: People's Republic of China
>>: Chinese Revolutionary Party
…Mountain climbing equipment. The correct name is...
…Italian painter. His father Gaddo and son Agnolo...
A general term for laws based on cartel subsidy po...
A group of African languages found in a wide are...
A plant that can survive by increasing the salt c...
...Similar structures are also found in the audit...
…There is no conclusive historical evidence on th...
…[Kazuo Furusato]. … *Some of the terminology tha...
…There are also documents that, although not orig...
...Volume 1 covers general topics such as chemica...
...The original species is common in Europe, and ...
The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law defines cosmetics ...
…In an age when Christianity was gaining influenc...
...From the following year, 1978, the Conference ...
…In the Book of the Dead, he is depicted as weigh...