A general term for the long, narrow region that connects North and South America. Geographically, it refers to the area from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the Isthmus of Panama, but generally it refers to the seven countries of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. It is sometimes called Central America when Mexico and the West Indies are added. It is not merely a convenient name to indicate the geographical location of the region, but also forms the isthmus that connects the two continents in terms of natural geography. Among the seven countries located in this isthmus, the six countries excluding Belize are generally treated as Central American countries. This is largely due to the fact that the six countries share a history of 300 years of Spanish colonial rule. Belize is a new country that gained independence from the UK in 1981, and is generally included in the Caribbean region. The total area of the seven countries combined is about 522,000 square kilometers, with a population of about 26.98 million (1996). [Naoko Kurihara and Iyo Kunimoto] NatureGeologically, it belongs to the Neogene orogenic belt, which is part of the Circum-Pacific orogenic belt, and the Sekiri Mountain Range is divided into two mountain ranges. One runs east-west from the southern Yucatan Peninsula to Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua, and continues to the Antilles. The other runs along the Pacific coast from the south of Lake Nicaragua to the Isthmus of Panama, and continues to the Andes. The two mountain ranges together have about 600 volcanoes, and the eruption of Santa Maria Volcano (southwest Guatemala) in 1902 is said to have killed 6,000 people. The plains include the plateau that spreads to the south and east of the mountain range that stretches from Honduras to Nicaragua, the Nicaraguan lowlands (a rift valley separated by the two Sekiri Mountain Ranges), and mountain basins, and are fertile agricultural areas covered with volcanic deposits. The sedimentary plains along the Caribbean coast are mostly jungle and have not been developed. The climate is roughly divided into three regions: the tropical savanna climate region along the Pacific coast, the northeast trade winds prevail region along the Caribbean coast, and the temperate climate region of the plateau and mountainous areas. Despite being in the tropics, the plateau and mountain basins have a milder climate with smaller annual ranges, and most of these areas are located at an altitude of 1,000 to 1,500 meters. [Naoko Kurihara and Iyo Kunimoto] residentsThe population ranges from 11,986,558 in Guatemala (2002) to 240,204 in Belize (2000), but the five Central American countries excluding Costa Rica are over 4 million, making them medium-sized in Latin America. The population density is high in El Salvador at about 240 people per square kilometer (estimated in 2000), but the others are quite low at 10 to 100 people per square kilometer. However, in terms of population growth rate, Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica are showing high growth rates of around 3% per year (1996). The racial makeup is diverse, reflecting the history of the region. Guatemala has a population of over 50% indigenous Mayans, including the Quiche people, making it one of the Latin American countries with the largest indigenous populations, along with Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. With the exception of Costa Rica, where the population is over 50%, whites make up just over 10% in Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Panama, while blacks make up just over 30% in Belize and just over 10% in Panama, with mestizos (mixed races) making up the majority in many countries. This racial makeup corresponds to social classes, with the upper classes being white, the middle classes being white and some mestizos, and the lower classes being mostly mestizos, Indians, and blacks, resulting in complex conflicts between the various races. [Naoko Kurihara and Iyo Kunimoto] historyAfter the Spanish explorer Pedro de Alvarado conquered Guatemala in 1522, the region was incorporated into Spanish territory, and with the establishment of the Generalissimo of Guatemala in 1541, southern Mexico and five Central American countries (excluding Panama) came under its jurisdiction. With Guatemala's independence in 1821, the other four countries also escaped Spanish colonial rule. In 1822-23, they were annexed by the Mexican Empire led by Iturbide, but after the collapse of the empire in 1824, the five Central American countries established the Federal Republic of Central America. However, due to strong conflicts of interest among the countries, the Federal Republic collapsed in a short period of time. Based on this historical background, the Central American Common Market (CACM) was launched in 1961, and an attempt was made to promote economic development through the formation of a single market. By the end of the 1960s, more than 90% of trade within the region had been liberalized, achieving the results of economic integration. However, the conflict between El Salvador and Honduras resulting from the Soccer War in 1969 and the Central American conflicts of the 1980s, which began with the Nicaraguan Revolution that broke out in 1979, dealt a major blow to economic activity in the region. With the Central American Peace Accord of 1987 and the end of the Guatemalan Civil War in 1996, the Central American countries were just beginning to work on rebuilding their economies. [Naoko Kurihara and Iyo Kunimoto] economyThe region's economies, which had grown rapidly in the 1960s, fell into a major setback due to the Central American conflict, and recorded negative growth in the 1980s, known as the "lost decade." However, since the 1990s, with the exception of Nicaragua, the economies have continued to develop smoothly. In 1993, a new Central American Economic Integration Treaty was concluded. Traditional major agricultural and livestock products such as coffee, cotton, bananas, beef, and sugar continue to occupy important positions, but in recent years, industrial growth has been remarkable in all countries except Nicaragua. The proportion of industrial products in exports has been growing, with El Salvador at over 40%, followed by around 30% in Guatemala and around 25% in Costa Rica. [Naoko Kurihara and Iyo Kunimoto] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
南北アメリカ大陸をつなぐ狭長な地域の総称。地理的にはテワンテペック地峡からパナマ地峡までをいうが、普通、グアテマラ、ベリーズ、ホンジュラス、エルサルバドル、ニカラグア、コスタリカ、パナマの7か国をさす。メキシコおよび西インド諸島を加えて中部アメリカということもある。南北アメリカの中央に位置するという単に地理的位置を示す便宜的名称にとどまらず、自然地理的には両大陸を結ぶ地峡部分を構成している。この地峡部分に位置する7か国のなかでベリーズを除く6か国を、普通は中米諸国として扱う。それは6か国が300年に及ぶスペイン植民地時代という歴史を共有していることに負うところが大きい。なおベリーズは1981年にイギリスから独立した新興国であり、地理的にもカリブ海地域に含めるのが普通である。7か国を合わせた総面積約52万2000平方キロメートル、人口約2698万(1996)。 [栗原尚子・国本伊代] 自然地質構造的には環太平洋造山帯の一部である新期造山帯に属し、脊梁(せきりょう)山脈は二つの山系に分かれる。一つはユカタン半島南部からホンジュラス、ニカラグア北東部を東西に連なり、アンティル諸島に続く山脈である。もう一つはニカラグア湖南方からパナマ地峡まで太平洋岸に連なり、アンデス山脈に続く山脈である。両山脈あわせて約600の火山を数え、1902年のサンタ・マリア火山(グアテマラ南西部)の噴火では6000人の犠牲者を出したといわれる。平地は、ホンジュラスからニカラグアに連なる山脈の南部と東部に広がる高原、ニカラグア低地(二つの脊梁山脈によって分けられる地溝帯)、山間部盆地があり、火山堆積(たいせき)物に覆われた肥沃(ひよく)な農業地帯となっている。カリブ海沿岸の堆積平野は、大半がジャングルで開発は進んでいない。 気候は、太平洋沿岸の熱帯サバンナ気候地域、カリブ海沿岸の北東貿易風卓越地域、高原や山間部の温和な気候地域の三つに大別される。熱帯に属するにもかかわらず、高原や山間盆地ではより年較差の小さい温和な気候となり、その主要部は標高1000~1500メートルに位置している。 [栗原尚子・国本伊代] 住民人口は、グアテマラの1198万6558(2002)からベリーズの24万0204(2000)まで幅があるが、コスタリカをのぞく中米5か国は400万を超え、ラテンアメリカでは中位の規模となっている。人口密度は、エルサルバドルが1平方キロメートル当り約240人(2000推計)と高いが、その他は1平方キロメートル当り10~100人とかなり低い。しかし、人口増加率をみると、ホンジュラス、グアテマラ、コスタリカが年率3%前後(1996)と、高い増加率を示している。 人種構成は、この地域の歴史を反映して多様である。グアテマラは、キチェ人などのマヤ系先住民の人口比率が50%を超え、ボリビア、ペルー、エクアドルとともにラテンアメリカで先住民人口の高い国である。白人は、50%を超すコスタリカを例外として、ニカラグア、エルサルバドル、グアテマラ、パナマで10%強、黒人はベリーズで30%強、パナマで10%強となっており、多くの国でメスティソ(混血)が大部分を占めている。このような人種構成は社会的階層と対応し、上層は白人、中間層は白人とメスティソの一部、下層はメスティソの大部分とインディオ、黒人となっており、各人種の間で複雑な対立がある。 [栗原尚子・国本伊代] 歴史1522年、スペインの探検家アルバラドPedro de Alvaradoのグアテマラ征服以後、この地域はスペイン領に組み込まれ、1541年のグアテマラ総監府の創設とともに、メキシコ南部と中米5か国(パナマを除く)はその管轄下に置かれた。1821年のグアテマラの独立によって、他の4か国もスペインの植民地支配を脱した。1822~23年にはイツルビデの率いるメキシコ帝国に併合されたが、同帝国の崩壊後の1824年、中米5か国は中央アメリカ連邦共和国を創設した。しかし各国の利害対立が強く、同連邦共和国は短期日で崩壊した。このような歴史的経緯をもとに1961年中米共同市場(CACM)が発足し、単一市場形成による経済発展の推進が試みられた。60年代末までに域内の貿易は90%以上自由化され、経済統合の成果をあげた。しかし69年のサッカー戦争によるエルサルバドルとホンジュラスの対立、79年に勃発(ぼっぱつ)したニカラグア革命に端を発する80年代の中米紛争は、この地域の経済活動に大きな打撃を与えた。87年の中米和平合意と96年のグアテマラ内戦の終結によって、中米諸国は経済の再建に取り組みはじめたところである。 [栗原尚子・国本伊代] 経済1960年代に急成長を遂げた域内の経済は、中米紛争によって大きく後退し、「失われた十年」とよばれた80年代には、マイナス成長を記録した。しかし90年代に入ってからは、ニカラグアを除くと、順調な経済発展を続けている。93年には新たな中米経済統合条約が締結された。コーヒー、ワタ、バナナ、牛肉、砂糖の伝統的な主要農牧産品は依然として重要な地位を占めているが、近年ニカラグアを除く国々の工業の成長が著しい。輸出に占める工業製品の割合は、エルサルバドルの40%以上を筆頭に、グアテマラの30%前後、コスタリカの25%前後など、伸びている。 [栗原尚子・国本伊代] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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