The name of a region in southwest Germany. In English, Swabia. Historically, Schwaben refers to the Duchy of Swabia in medieval Germany. The place name is derived from the Germanic Suevi people who lived in the area around the 1st century AD, but this name has not been commonly used since the 11th century. Until then, it was called Alemannia, named after the Germanic Alemannens (Alamanni) who migrated and settled in the area between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The area of Alemannia is bordered by the Lech River in the east, Elsace (Alsace) in the west, the middle Neckar River in the north, and the Alps in the south, and includes today's Baden-Württemberg, southwestern Bavaria, and northeastern Switzerland. The Alemannians were conquered by Clovis of the Frankish Kingdom in 496, but later regained their independence and were ruled by the Franks again in 746. Towards the end of the Carolingian dynasty, native nobles rose to power, and one of them, Burchard I, became Duke of Swabia in 917. After his death, in 926, King Henry I of the Saxon dynasty bestowed the dukedom on Herman of the House of Conrad (from Franconia), and thereafter, non-native nobles were appointed dukes, and the dissolution of tribal principalities proceeded. In 1079, King Henry IV of the Salier dynasty bestowed the dukedom on his son-in-law, Frederick of the House of Staufen, who inherited the dukedom from that time, forming the social foundation for the subsequent heyday of the Staufen dynasty. With the extinction of the family in 1268, the area entered an era of proliferation of small noble families, but the Count of Württemberg, the Margrave of Baden, and the bishops of Augsburg and Constance were influential, and many imperial knights and imperial cities were born. They formed the League of Swabian Cities (1376) and the Swabian League (1488), and took the initiative in German politics. In the summer of 1524, the German Peasants' War broke out, with this region as the main stage, and the war continued until June of the following year. 19th century philosophers Hegel and Schelling, writer Schiller, and poets Hölderlin, Uhland, and Mörike were all from this region, and this is likely due to the tradition of freedom and pastoral nature of Swabia. Livestock breeding and dairy farming are still thriving today. [Yoshio Sehara] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
南西ドイツの地方名。英語ではスワビアSwabia。歴史上、シュワーベンは中世ドイツのシュワーベン公国をさす。地名は、紀元1世紀ごろこの地に居住したゲルマン系のスエビSuevi人にちなむが、この地名が一般に用いられるのは11世紀以降のことである。それまでは、3世紀から5世紀にかけてこの地に移住し定着したゲルマン系のアレマンネン(アラマン)人にちなんで、アレマンニアAlemanniaとよばれた。アレマンニアの範囲は、東はレッヒ川、西はエルザス(アルザス)、北はネッカー川中流、南はアルプスを境界とし、今日のバーデン・ウュルテンベルク、バイエルン南西部、スイス北東部を含む地域である。 上述のアレマンネン人は、フランク王国のクロービスによって496年征服されたが、その後自立的傾向を回復し、再度フランクの支配下に入ったのは746年のことである。カロリング朝の末期になると土着貴族が台頭し、その一人のブルヒャルト1世が917年シュワーベン公を称した。その死後、926年ザクセン朝の国王ハインリヒ1世は、コンラート家(フランケン地方出身)のヘルマンに公位を与え、以後、非土着貴族が公に任ぜられ、部族公国の解体が進められた。1079年ザリエル朝の国王ハインリヒ4世は、女婿のシュタウフェン家のフリードリヒに公位を与え、これより同家が公位を相続し、その後のシュタウフェン王朝全盛の社会的基盤を形成した。1268年同家の断絶とともに、群小貴族乱立の時代に入るが、ウュルテンベルク伯、バーデン辺境伯、アウクスブルク、コンスタンツ各司教が有力な存在であり、また多数の帝国騎士、帝国都市が生まれた。彼らはシュワーベン都市同盟(1376)、シュワーベン同盟(1488)などを結成し、ドイツ政治のイニシアティブ(主導権)を握った。1524年夏には、この地方を主舞台としてドイツ農民戦争が勃発(ぼっぱつ)し、戦争は翌年6月まで続いた。19世紀の哲学者ヘーゲル、シェリング、作家のシラー、詩人のヘルダーリン、ウーラント、メーリケなどがこの地方の出身であるが、それは、シュワーベンの自由の伝統、牧歌的自然に負うものであろう。現在も家畜の飼育や酪農業が盛んである。 [瀬原義生] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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