Generally, it refers to the removal of sulfur or sulfur compounds from a substance. Currently, it is carried out for two purposes. The first is desulfurization of fuels and flue gases after combustion (flue gas desulfurization), which is primarily intended to prevent air pollution. The second is desulfurization of chemical raw materials, which is intended to remove sulfur compounds that significantly reduce catalytic activity when chemical reactions are carried out using catalysts. [Takeaki Yashima] Fuel desulfurizationHydrodesulfurization is a method in which the sulfur compounds contained in fuel are hydrogenated under high temperature and pressure using alumina-supported (held) cobalt-molybdenum sulfide or nickel-molybdenum sulfide catalysts, and removed as hydrogen sulfide. This method is mainly used for petroleum-based fuels, but light fractions such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, and kerosene are easy to desulfurize, while heavier fractions such as heavy oil are more difficult to desulfurize. Commercially available kerosene has been restricted to a sulfur content of 80 ppm (ppm = one part per million) since 1996, and gasoline and diesel for automobiles to 10 ppm or less (sulfur-free) since 2005. On the other hand, in the case of heavy oil, the sulfur content in the crude oil is concentrated in the heavy fraction, and hydrodesulfurization itself is difficult. The sulfur content of commercially available heavy oil is standardized to 3.5 to 0.5% or less depending on the application, but in urban areas, it is regulated to use fuel with a lower sulfur content. There are two methods of desulfurization of heavy oil: direct desulfurization, in which atmospheric residual oil is hydrodesulfurized as is, and indirect desulfurization, in which atmospheric residual oil is distilled under reduced pressure to separate it into vacuum diesel and vacuum residual oil, and the vacuum diesel is hydrodesulfurized and then mixed with the vacuum residual oil again to reduce the overall sulfur content. Direct desulfurization requires higher reaction conditions at higher temperatures and higher pressures, so the proportion of indirect desulfurization is higher. Heavy oil is mainly used in large-scale combustion equipment such as factories, so desulfurization of flue gas (flue gas desulfurization) is used to prevent sulfur oxides from being emitted into the environment. The removal of sulfur oxides ( SOx , mainly sulfur dioxide) contained in flue gas when sulfur-containing fuel is burned is called flue gas desulfurization. Japan's flue gas desulfurization technology is among the highest in the world. [Takeaki Yashima] Desulfurization of chemical raw materialsWhen sulfur compounds are contained in chemical raw materials, they show particularly strong interactions with metal catalysts, and the surface of the catalyst becomes covered with sulfur compounds, greatly reducing the catalytic activity. Therefore, in processes that use metal catalysts, such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and hydrocracking, a hydrodesulfurization process is used in the pretreatment equipment to desulfurize the raw materials beforehand (often called hydrorefining in the petroleum industry). [Takeaki Yashima] [Reference item] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般には物質中の硫黄(いおう)あるいは硫黄化合物を除去することをいう。現在では二つの目的のために行われており、第一は、大気汚染防止を主目的とするもので、燃料の脱硫および燃焼後の煙道ガスの脱硫(排煙脱硫)である。第二は、触媒を用いて化学反応を行う場合に、触媒活性を著しく低下させる硫黄化合物を除去することを目的とするもので、化学原料の脱硫である。 [八嶋建明] 燃料の脱硫含有する硫黄化合物をアルミナ担持(保持)コバルト‐モリブデン硫化物、あるいはニッケル‐モリブデン硫化物触媒を用いて高温高圧下で水素化し、硫化水素として除去する水素化脱硫法が行われている。対象となるのはおもに石油系燃料であるが、液化石油ガス(LPG)、ナフサ、灯油などの軽質留分は脱硫しやすく、重油など重質留分になるほど困難になる。市販の灯油は、1996年(平成8)より硫黄分80ppm(ppm=100万分の1)以下に、ガソリンおよび自動車用軽油は、2005年(平成17)より10ppm以下(サルファーフリー)に規制されている。 一方、重油の場合には、原油中に含まれる硫黄分が、重質留分中に濃縮されるほか、水素化脱硫自体が困難である。市販重油の硫黄含有率は、用途に応じて3.5~0.5%以下に規格上定められているが、都市部では、より低い硫黄含有率の燃料を使用するように規制されている。重油の脱硫法には、常圧残油をそのまま水素化脱硫する直接脱硫法と、常圧残油を減圧蒸留して減圧軽油と減圧残油とに分け、減圧軽油を水素化脱硫したのちにふたたび減圧残油と混合し、全体として硫黄分を低減する間接脱硫法とがある。直接脱硫法では、より高温高圧の反応条件を必要とするために、間接脱硫法の割合が多くなっている。重油はおもに工場等の規模の大きな燃焼装置で用いられるので、煙道ガスの脱硫(排煙脱硫)により硫黄酸化物の環境中への排出を防いでいる。 硫黄を含む燃料を燃焼したときの煙道ガスに含まれる硫黄酸化物(SOx、おもに二酸化硫黄)の除去は排煙脱硫法とよばれる。日本の排煙脱硫の技術水準は世界的にも高い。 [八嶋建明] 化学原料の脱硫化学原料中に硫黄化合物が含まれると、とくに金属触媒とは強い相互作用を示し、触媒の表面が硫黄化合物で覆われてしまうために、触媒活性は大きく低下してしまう。そこで、水素化・脱水素、水素化分解など金属触媒を用いるプロセスでは、水素化脱硫プロセスを前処理装置に用いて、原料をあらかじめ脱硫(石油の分野では水素化精製ということが多い)するようにしている。 [八嶋建明] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
…He is said to be the son of Lord Shiva and Parva...
1598‐1643 Polish Jesuit priest. Martyred in Nagasa...
German poet. He spent his childhood in a farming ...
A naval officer and politician during the Taisho ...
They are also called olefinic hydrocarbons, alkene...
This refers to trade between socialist countries (...
...But in reality, the tribes were weakly united ...
...the Sanskrit word patākā is used to refer to a...
...The course of the disease is as described abov...
Chemical formula: H 4 P 2 O 7 . Also known as diph...
They are also called the Proto-Malays. Malays who ...
...occupies the Chichibu Mountains on the south b...
This refers to taxes levied and collected by the ...
⇒ Mood disorders Source: About Shogakukan Digital ...
A system for chatting on a network connected by TC...