Synchronic linguistics

Japanese: 共時言語学 - きょうじげんごがく(英語表記)synchronic linguistics
Synchronic linguistics
A branch of linguistics that describes and studies the state (synchronicity) of a language at a certain time. It is opposed to diachronic linguistics and historical linguistics, which understand language as a phase that changes over time. Although there were already scholars who advocated and described synchronic linguistics, it was Saussure who clearly described it and had a great influence on later generations. He clarified that speakers are only aware of the current state and that the past is irrelevant, and that when looking at specific synchronicities, various linguistic units compete with each other to form a unified system or structure, destroying the idea that historical linguistics, which existed until the 19th century, was the only science, and paved the way for descriptive linguistics and structural linguistics. However, rather than confronting historical linguistics, it can be said that by clarifying the perspective and avoiding erroneous methodological confusion, we can deepen our understanding of the entire range of language aspects, including history. For example, it is the task of synchronic linguistics to describe the sound d from the structural and functional viewpoint that it is a member of the voiced stop series bdg on the one hand and a member of the dental series tdn on the other hand. In contrast, it is the task of historical linguistics to describe that the sound d went from Proto-Indo-European * d ( * dek "ten" = Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem) through Proto-Germanic * t (Gothic taíhun, Old Norse tíu, English ten) to German z (zehn [tse:n]).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
一言語の一時期における状態(共時態)を記述し研究する言語学の一部門。言語を時間の流れにそって変遷する相として把握する通時言語学,史的言語学に対する。すでに共時言語学を唱え,記述を実行していた学者もあったが,これを明確に述べ,後世に大きな影響を与えたのはソシュールである。彼により,話し手にとり意識されるのは現在の状態のみであり,過去は関係のないこと,特定共時態をみると,もろもろの言語単位が互いに他と張合って一つのまとまった体系・構造をなしていることが明らかにされ,19世紀までの史的言語学のみが科学であるという考えが打ち破られて,記述言語学・構造言語学への道が切り開かれた。しかし,史的言語学と対峙するのではなく,観点を明確にし,方法上の誤った混同を避けることによって,歴史をも含む言語の諸相全体への理解が深められるといえる。たとえば,dという音は一方において b-d-gという有声閉鎖音の系列の一員であり,他方 t-d-nという歯音の系列の一員であるという構造的・機能的観点から,dを記述するのは共時的言語学の仕事である。これに対して,dという音は印欧祖語 *d(*dek「10」=サンスクリット語 daśa,ギリシア語 déka,ラテン語 decem)からゲルマン祖語 *t(ゴート語 taíhun,古ノルド語 tíu,英語 ten)を経て,ドイツ語で z(zehn[tse:n])となることを記述するのは史的言語学の仕事である。

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