This refers to the act of giving property to another person (leavee) free of charge by will (Articles 986-1003 of the Civil Code). It is the most frequently performed and important legal act that can be performed by a will. Anyone, including an heir, can become a leavee, and companies and other legal entities can also become leavees, but in order to become a leavee, they must exist when the will takes effect. In addition, if the leavee dies before the death of the testator, the bequest becomes invalid, and the heirs of the leavee cannot become leavees in place of the deceased unless the testator expresses a special intention (Article 994 of the Civil Code). Furthermore, a person who attempts to kill the testator, makes a will through fraud or duress, or destroys a will cannot receive a bequest (Article 891 applies mutatis mutandis under Article 965 of the Civil Code). As with general dispositions of property, bequests can be subject to conditions and deadlines and certain burdens can be imposed (for example, instead of donating a house, a fixed amount can be made to be donated to an orphanage each year), but the legatee does not have to fulfill such obligations beyond the value of the object of the bequest (Article 1002 of the same law). [Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa, July 19, 2019] General bequests and specific bequestsThere is a distinction between general bequests and specific bequests. General bequests are bequests that are made in a quantitative proportion to the entire estate, such as one-third or one-quarter, and general recipients are considered to have the same rights and obligations as heirs (Civil Code, Article 990). Therefore, the acceptance and renunciation of a bequest are treated the same as those of an heir. Specific bequests are bequests that involve the giving of specific assets (such as a deposit in a certain bank or a house in a certain place). In this case, the recipient may renounce the bequest at any time after the death of the testator (Civil Code, Article 986). In addition, the Civil Code has fairly detailed provisions regarding cases in which the object of a bequest is a right that does not belong to the inherited property (Civil Code, Articles 996 and 997), the obligation of the bequest holder (usually the heir) to deliver the right (Civil Code, Article 998), etc. Bequests cannot infringe on the inheritance share of the heir. If a bequest is made that infringes on the reserved portion of the estate, the bequest will not be invalid; however, if the person entitled to the reserved portion demands payment of a sum equivalent to the amount of the infringement, the bequest will not receive that amount (Article 1046 of the same law). [Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa, July 19, 2019] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
遺言(いごん)により無償で他人(受遺者)に財産を与える行為(民法986条~1003条)をさす。遺言でなしうる法律行為のなかで、もっともしばしば行われ、かつ重要なものである。受遺者には相続人を含めてだれでもなれるし、会社その他の法人も受遺者になることができるが、受遺者となるためには、遺言の効力発生時に存在していなくてはならない。また、遺言者の死亡以前に受遺者が死亡した場合には、遺贈は失効して、遺言者がとくに意思表示をしない限り、受遺者の相続人が死者にかわって受遺者になることはできない(民法994条)。さらに、遺言者を殺そうとしたり、詐欺、強迫によって遺言させたり、遺言書を破棄した者は遺贈を受けることはできない(同法965条による891条の準用)。遺贈には、一般の財産処分と同じく、条件、期限をつけることができ、一定の負担を負わせること(たとえば、家を贈るかわりに毎年一定額を孤児院に寄付させるなど)ができるが、受遺者は遺贈の目的の価額を超えてその義務を履行する必要はない(同法1002条)。 [高橋康之・野澤正充 2019年7月19日] 包括遺贈・特定遺贈遺贈には包括遺贈と特定遺贈の区別がある。包括遺贈とは、遺産の3分の1とか4分の1とかいうように遺産全体に対する分量的割合で行われる遺贈をいい、包括受遺者は相続人と同じ権利・義務をもつものとされている(民法990条)。したがって、遺贈の承認、放棄は相続人のそれと同じ取扱いを受けることになる。特定遺贈とは、特定の財産(ある銀行の預金とか、どこそこの家屋など)を与えることを内容とする遺贈である。この場合は、受遺者は遺言者の死後いつでも遺贈の放棄をすることができる(同法986条)。そのほか民法は、相続財産に属しない権利を遺贈の目的とした場合(同法996条・997条)、遺贈義務者(通常は相続人がなる)の引渡義務(同法998条)などに関して、かなり詳細な規定を置いている。なお、遺贈は相続人の遺留分(いりゅうぶん)を侵害することはできない。遺留分を侵害するような遺贈がされた場合、その遺贈は無効とはならないが、遺留分の権利者から遺留分侵害額に相当する金銭の支払いの請求を受けた場合には、その分だけもらえなくなる(同法1046条)。 [高橋康之・野澤正充 2019年7月19日] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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