Chalukya Dynasty - Chalukyacho (English spelling)

A dynasty in South India. It is divided into three royal lineages with different capitals and eras. First, the Early Western Chalukya dynasty rose to power in the mid-6th century with the efforts of Pulakesin I, and ruled the Deccan region with its capital in Badami in the northern part of Karnataka. Pulakesin II, in the first half of the 7th century, defeated the invasion of King Harsha of Kanauj in the north, subjugated the Kadamba dynasty in the south, and invaded the land of the Pallava dynasty in the southeast. However, in his later years, his capital was taken by the Pallava army. The successor, Vikramaditya I, rebuilt the kingdom and invaded deep into the land of the Pallava dynasty. After that, peace generally continued, but in the mid-8th century, the vassal Rashtrakuta family usurped the throne, and the rule of the dynasty came to an end. It was restored by Taila II in the late 10th century, and his royal lineage is called the Late Western Chalukya dynasty. The capital was moved to Kalyani in the northwest. Meanwhile, in the southeastern Tamil region, the Chola dynasty was rising to power in place of the Pallava dynasty, and the Late Western Chalukya dynasty fought against the Chola dynasty for hegemony over southern India. The reign of Vikramaditya VI from the end of the 11th century to the beginning of the 12th century was peaceful, and the court poet Bilhana was active, but after that, a succession of weak kings saw the power of their vassals grow, and around 1190 the kingdom was destroyed by a pincer attack by the Yadava and Hoysala families. Pulakesin II of the Early Western Chalukya dynasty conquered the eastern Andhra region, then handed over the rule to his younger brother Vishnuvardhana, and the rule of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty with its capital in Bengi began. This royal line continued until it merged with the Chola dynasty in 1070, as a result of a long-running marriage policy.

The 6th-7th century Hindu temples in and around Badami are famous in art history as the earliest examples of the development of the Dravidian style, and the temples built during the Late Western Chalukya period are a good example of the development of the Dravidian style, particularly the Deccan style.

[Noboru Karashima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

南インドの王朝。都と時代を異にする三つの王統に分かれる。まず、前期西チャールキヤ朝は、6世紀中葉、プラケーシン1世の活躍によって台頭し、カルナータカ州北部のバーダーミを都としてデカン地方を支配した。7世紀前半のプラケーシン2世は、北方ではカナウジのハルシャ王の侵入を打ち破り、南方ではカダンバ朝を屈服させ、南東方はパッラバ朝の地にも侵入した。しかし晩年はパッラバ朝軍に、逆に都を落とされた。続くビクラマーディティヤ1世は王国を再建し、パッラバ朝の地深く侵入した。その後は概して平和が続いたが、8世紀中葉、封臣ラーシュトラクータ家が王位を簒奪(さんだつ)し、王朝の支配はとだえた。それを復活したのは10世紀後半のタイラ2世で、その王統は後期西チャールキヤ朝とよばれる。都は北西方のカリヤーニに移された。一方、南東方タミル地方では、パッラバ朝にかわってチョーラ朝が台頭しており、後期西チャールキヤ朝は南インドの覇権を求めてチョーラ朝と争った。11世紀末から12世紀初頭のビクラマーディティヤ6世の治世には平和が続き、宮廷詩人ビルハナが活躍したが、その後文弱な王が相次ぐ間に封臣が勢力を伸ばし、1190年ごろヤーダバ家とホイサラ家の挟撃を受けて滅亡した。前期西チャールキヤ朝のプラケーシン2世は、東部アーンドラの地を征したのち、その支配を弟ビシュヌバルダナにゆだね、そこにベーンギーを都とする東チャールキヤ朝の支配が開始された。この王統は、長い間続いた婚姻政策の結果、1070年にチョーラ朝と合体するまで継続した。

　バーダーミおよびその付近に残る6～7世紀のヒンドゥー教諸寺院は、ドラビダ様式の最初期の発展を示すものとして美術史上に名高く、後期西チャールキヤ朝期に建立された諸寺院は、ドラビダ様式中、とくにデカン様式として発達した形をよく示している。

［辛島　昇］

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