Federal Trade Commission

Japanese: 連邦取引委員会 - れんぽうとりひきいいんかい(英語表記)Federal Trade Commission
Federal Trade Commission

A highly independent government agency that monitors whether the antitrust laws (the American antimonopoly or fair trade law) are being followed in the United States. It is responsible for preventing unfair competition, reviewing and adjudicating violations of the antitrust laws, and protecting consumers. Its abbreviation is FTC. In 1914, the Federal Trade Commission was established as an independent body from the Department of Commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act in order to promote healthy corporate competition and protect the interests of the general public, as large companies had become increasingly monopolized in fields such as oil, finance, and railroads. It is the model for Japan's Fair Trade Commission, which was established in 1947 (Showa 22). The FTC is a deliberative organization consisting of five commissioners (7-year terms), including the chairman. Commissioners are appointed by the president after approval by the Senate. No more than three of the commissioners are from the same political party, and they cannot hold other jobs. Except in cases of illegal conduct, commissioners cannot be dismissed against their will, and the commission is recognized for its independence in the exercise of its duties.

The FTC also reviews M&A (mergers and acquisitions) and cracks down on false advertising. If it suspects a violation, it can conduct its own review and go through a hearing procedure to order elimination measures, as well as request the exercise of judicial powers. If it is not satisfied with the FTC's hearing, it can file an action to set aside the ruling in the Federal Court of Appeals. In addition, under Section 18 of the FTC Act, it has the authority to regulate unfair trade practices. This allows it to establish regulations on consumer transactions, such as cooling-off periods for door-to-door sales and telemarketing sales. It also enforces consumer protection laws, such as the Tobacco Labeling Act.

In the past, the FTC has taken action against the American semiconductor manufacturer Intel and the major search advertising service provider Google for suspected anti-competitive practices and violations of antitrust laws. As for Japanese companies, the sales methods of Nintendo of America's home game consoles were found to violate anti-trust laws, and the affiliated transactions of auto parts manufacturers were also called into question.

[Takeshi Yano August 19, 2015]

[References] | Fair Trade Commission | Antitrust Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカで反トラスト法(アメリカの独占禁止あるいは公正取引維持法の総称)が守られているかどうかを監視する独立性の高い政府機関。不公正競争の防止、反トラスト法違反の審査・審判、消費者保護などを担当している。略称FTC。石油、金融、鉄道などの分野で大企業の寡占が進んだため、健全な企業競争を促進して庶民の利益を守る目的で、1914年にアメリカ連邦取引委員会法に基づき、商務省から独立するかたちで設置された。1947年(昭和22)に発足した日本の公正取引委員会のモデルである。連邦取引委員会は委員長を含む5人の委員(任期7年)で構成する合議制組織である。委員は上院の承認を経て、大統領が任命する。委員のうち、同じ政党のメンバーは3人以内とされており、他の職業との兼務はできない。不法行為などがあった場合を除き、委員はその意に反して罷免されることはなく、委員会は職務行使にあたっての独立性を認められている。

 連邦取引委員会はM&A(買収・合併)の審査、誇大広告の取締りなども行う。違反行為の疑いがある場合には、自ら審査し、審判手続きを経て、排除措置を命ずることができるほか、司法権の発動を要請できる。連邦取引員会の審判に不服がある場合、連邦控訴裁判所に取消訴訟を起こすことができる。また連邦取引委員会法第18条に基づき、不公正な取引慣行などを規制する権限をもつ。これにより、訪問販売におけるクーリング・オフに関する規制や、テレマーケティング販売規制などの消費者取引に関する規制を制定している。また、たばこ表示法などの消費者保護法令を執行している。

 これまでに連邦取引委員会は、アメリカ半導体メーカーのインテルや検索型広告サービス大手のグーグルに対し、反競争的行為や反トラスト法違反の疑いがあるとして争ったことがある。日本企業では、アメリカ任天堂の家庭用ゲーム機の販売方法が反トラスト法に抵触するとされたほか、自動車部品メーカーの系列取引などが問題視された。

[矢野 武 2015年8月19日]

[参照項目] | 公正取引委員会 | 反トラスト法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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