Geoid - geoid (English spelling)

Japanese: ジオイド - じおいど(英語表記)geoid
Geoid - geoid (English spelling)

A surface that is theoretically defined as a representation of the shape of the Earth. It is a smooth closed surface fixed to the Earth, passing almost close to the surface of the Earth. In geodesic terms, it is defined as "one of the equipotential surfaces that surround the Earth." To put it simply, the geoid can be thought of as a surface that is almost equal to the mean sea level on the ocean, and on land, it can be thought of as a surface that is generally below the ground, but which is an imaginary surface that would be created by sea level as an extension of the mean sea level.

To determine the specific shape of the geoid, a calculation called the Stokes integral must be performed based on the gravity value of the Earth's surface. Recently, gravity measurements have been performed precisely over a wide area, and by combining this with the results of satellite motion theory, the shape of the geoid can be determined quite clearly. To express the results, the shape of the equipotential surface is expanded using spherical functions, and the numerical values ​​of the coefficients are given in the form of a table. Various models have been created, but currently the EGM96 model (Earth Gravity Model 1996) is the most commonly used. According to this model, the geoid has considerable irregularities, and for example, the area around the Japan Trench is more than 20 meters lower than the surrounding area.

[Nagasawa Takumi]

The world's geoid surface (based on satellite orbital analysis)
©Shogakukan ">

The world's geoid surface (used for satellite orbit analysis)

Geoid relief around Japan
©Shogakukan ">

Geoid relief around Japan


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地球の形を代表するものとして思考的に定められた面。これは地球に対して固定した滑らかな閉曲面で、ほぼ地表表面に近いところを通っている。測地学的には「地球を囲む等ポテンシャル面のうちのある特定の一つ」と定義される。これをわかりやすくいうと、ジオイドとして、海上ではほぼ平均海水面に一致する面を、陸地では一般に地面の下になるが、平均海水面の延長として、仮想的に海水面がつくるであろう面を考えればよい。

 ジオイドの形を具体的に決めるには、地球表面の重力値をもとにストークス積分といわれる計算をしなければならない。最近では重力測定が広い範囲で精密に実施されているので、人工衛星の運動理論による結果と組み合わせて、かなりはっきりとジオイドの形が求められている。その結果を表すためには、等ポテンシャル面の形を球関数で展開し、その係数の数値を表の形で与えることが行われている。これまでにさまざまなモデルがつくられたが、現在は、たとえばEGM96モデル(Earth Gravity Model 1996)がよく利用されている。それによると、ジオイドにはかなりの凹凸があり、たとえば日本海溝付近は、その周囲と比べて20メートル以上も低い凹地になっている。

[長沢 工]

世界のジオイド面(人工衛星の軌道解析による)
©Shogakukan">

世界のジオイド面(人工衛星の軌道解析に…

日本付近のジオイドの起伏
©Shogakukan">

日本付近のジオイドの起伏


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