Chávez, Hugo

Japanese: チャベス(英語表記)Chávez, Hugo
Chávez, Hugo
Born: July 28, 1954. Sabaneta
[Died] March 5, 2013. Caracas. Venezuelan politician. President (in office 1999-2013). Full name Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías. In 1971, he entered the Venezuelan Military Academy in Caracas. He began his military career as a second lieutenant. On February 4, 1992, he and other officers attempted to overthrow the Pérez Rodríguez government, but the plot was suppressed. He was imprisoned for this failed coup attempt, but in 1994, President Rafael Caldera Rodríguez dropped the charges against him due to the growing popularity of Chávez. He then gathered many former socialist activists and military officers to form the left-wing Fifth Republic Movement. He was elected president in December 1998 with 56% of the vote. Within a year of taking office in February 1999, his approval rating had reached 80%, and his platform of rooting out corruption, increasing spending on social programs, and redistributing oil revenues was widely welcomed. With popular support, he drafted a new constitution that gave the president unprecedented powers in all three branches of government. In 2000, elections were held for all national elected positions based on the new constitution. He was re-elected to a six-year term in this "mega-election," and in December 2006, he was re-elected for a third term with 63% of the vote. A minor constitutional amendment was passed in a February 2009 referendum, clearing the way for Chavez to be re-elected indefinitely. In the 2012 presidential election, he was elected for a fourth time. He called himself the leader of the Bolivarian Socialist Revolution (named after the Latin American independence hero Simon Bolivar), a political movement with a pan-Latin American scope. The revolution's main themes changed over time to suit its own goals, but included nationalism, government control of the economy, and active military involvement in public works. This ideology became widely known as "Chavismo."

Chavez
Chávez, Carlos

Born: June 13, 1899 in Mexico City
[Died] August 2, 1978, Mexico City Mexican composer and conductor. He studied piano under M. Ponce. He began composing at about the age of 15. Many of his works, including his representative work "Toccata for Percussion" (1942), combine the rhythm, melody, and use of percussion instruments of Mexican Indian music with modern musical techniques. In addition to his composing activities, he founded the Mexican Symphony Orchestra in 1928 and served as its conductor until 1949. He was a central figure in the Mexican music world and was also active as an educator.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1954.7.28. サバネタ
[没]2013.3.5. カラカス
ベネズエラの政治家。大統領(在任 1999~2013)。フルネーム Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías。1971年カラカスのベネズエラ士官学校に入学。少尉として陸軍でのキャリアを開始した。1992年2月4日,将校らとともにペレス・ロドリゲス政権打倒を企てたが鎮圧された。このクーデター未遂により投獄されたが,1994年にはチャベス人気の高まりをうけ,ラファエル・カルデラ・ロドリゲス大統領が訴追を取り下げた。その後,多くの元社会主義活動家や軍将校を集めて,左派政党の第5共和国運動を結成。1998年12月に得票率 56%で大統領に当選した。1999年2月の就任から 1年のうちに支持率は 80%に達し,汚職根絶,社会福祉プログラムへの支出増大,原油収入の再配分を掲げる政治綱領は幅広く歓迎された。国民の支持のもと,三権すべてにおいて過去前例のない強大な権限を大統領に付与する新憲法を起草。2000年,新憲法に基づき,国内の全公選役職について選挙が実施された。この「メガ選挙」で任期 6年の大統領に再選,2006年12月の大統領選挙でも得票率 63%で 3選を果たした。2009年2月の国民投票で小規模な憲法改正案が可決され,チャベスの無制限再選への道が開けた。2012年大統領選挙で 4選。本人はみずからをラテンアメリカ全土を視野に入れた政治運動「ボリバル社会主義革命」(ラテンアメリカ独立の英雄シモン・ボリバルにちなんで命名)の指導者と称した。革命の主眼はそのときどきの自身の目標に応じ変化したが,民族主義,政府による経済統制,公共事業への軍の積極的関与などがあげられる。このイデオロギーは「チャビスモ」として広く知られるようになった。

チャベス
Chávez, Carlos

[生]1899.6.13. メキシコシティー
[没]1978.8.2. メキシコシティー
メキシコの作曲家,指揮者。ピアノを M.ポンセに師事。 15歳頃から作曲を始める。代表作『打楽器のためのトッカータ』 (1942) をはじめメキシコ・インディアンの音楽のリズム,旋律,打楽器の用法などを現代音楽の用法と融合させた作品が多い。作曲活動のほかに 1928年メキシコ交響楽団を創設,49年まで指揮者をつとめた。メキシコ音楽界の中心人物として,また教育者としても活躍した。

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