A deliberative and decision-making body established in a local government. The systems and principles of local autonomy vary considerably from country to country, and the form of existence (organization, authority, etc.) of local assemblies in each country also differs accordingly. [Kazukazu Hirata] Japanese local assembliesJapan's modern local government system was fully launched with the establishment of the City and Town/Village System in 1888, and the Prefecture and County System in 1890, which were both promulgated around the time of the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889 (Meiji 22). Resolutions by city/town/village assemblies, which were the decision-making body, to enact or amend ordinances required the permission of the Minister of the Interior, and important resolutions also required the permission of higher government agencies. Prefectural assemblies, which were indirectly elected, did not have the right to enact ordinances until 1929 (Showa 4). The era of Taisho democracy was marked by the adoption of universal suffrage in 1925 (Taisho 14). Japan's local assemblies were positioned as political devices for the central government to control local bureaucrats. Under the Constitution of Japan, Article 93 stipulates that local governments shall establish assemblies as their deliberative organs, whose members shall be directly elected by the residents. Local assemblies, which are representative bodies of the residents, are the deliberative and decision-making bodies of local governments. These local assemblies have the same characteristics as the National Diet in that they have legislative and other broad powers, but in terms of their relationship with the executive organ, the assemblies are not guaranteed a superior position over the executive organ, and in principle, the two are independent and equal. The assembly has a chairperson selected by the assembly from among its members, who represents the assembly. The organs that hold meetings include the plenary session, attended by all the assembly members, which makes the final decision, and committees that conduct preliminary deliberations before resolutions are made. There are standing committees and special committees. Both are based on ordinances, but special committees are limited to deliberating on issues submitted by resolution of the assembly only during the session. The powers of local assemblies can be broadly divided into voting power (the right to enact, amend or repeal bylaws, the right to decide on budgets and increase them, etc.), various powers of supervision and control over executive agencies (the right to inspect documents and accounts related to administrative affairs, the right to manage the affairs of executive agencies, the execution of resolutions, the right to inspect accounts, the right to consent to personnel matters such as the vice-governor and the chief treasurer, etc.), and autonomy (the power to elect the chairman and vice-chairman, the right to organize the assembly internally, the right to enact meeting rules, the right to determine qualifications and discipline, etc.). Assemblies have regular sessions convened the number of times per year set by ordinance (as of 2010, all prefectural and city assemblies have ordinances that stipulate that regular sessions be held four times per year), and special sessions convened when necessary to deliberate specific cases only. The Local Autonomy Act stipulates various principles such as open meetings, quorums, majority voting, and non-continuance of accounting. [Kazukazu Hirata] Foreign local assembliesIn the UK, local governments have local councils, which are made up of councillors elected by the residents and have general authority over local administration. In other words, they have both the powers of a decision-making body and an executive body. In the US, the federal constitution does not prescribe anything about the local system, and it is up to each state to decide what kind of local system to establish. In the US, local councils are established for each state, county, city, town and village. In the US, city systems include the mayor-council type (the mayor is also directly elected by the residents, the city council is the legislative body, and the mayor is the executive body and holds administrative powers), the city council-manager type (the city council holds legislative and executive powers, but appoints a city manager to entrust administrative duties to the city council, who supervises the city council. The mayor is a ceremonial figure and serves as the head of the city council), and are not uniform. Germany also has a federal system, and the local system differs depending on each state (state), but all have directly elected assemblies. Municipalities, as basic local public entities, have municipal assemblies, but the relationship between the assemblies and the mayors varies by state. In some cases, the mayor is selected by the assembly and serves as both the head of the administrative body and the chairperson of the assembly, while in other cases the mayor is elected by direct vote of the residents and serves as both the head of the administrative body and the chairperson of the assembly (most states have switched to a system of directly elected mayors). In the latter case, the mayor is said to have stronger authority in relation to the assembly. France's local public entities are states, departments, and municipalities, each of which has a state assembly, departmental assembly, and municipal council. A centralized administrative structure has been a characteristic of France since the time of Napoleon, but the 1982 "Law on Rights and Freedoms of Municipalities, Departments and Cantons" made each of the three local public entities into autonomous bodies with their own assemblies and popularly elected mayors. [Kazukazu Hirata] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地方公共団体に設置される審議・議決機関。地方自治に関する制度やその理念は、国によりかなり違っており、各国の地方議会の存在形態(組織や権限等)もその差異に応じて異なっている。 [平田和一] 日本の地方議会日本における近代的地方自治制度は、1889年(明治22)の明治憲法の発布に前後して公布された1888年の市制、町村制、および1890年の府県制、郡制の制定によって本格的に発足する。議決機関である市町村会の条例の制定および改正に関する議決については、内務大臣の許可が必要とされ、議決事項も重要なそれには上級官庁の許可を必要とした。間接選挙による府県会には1929年(昭和4)まで条例等の制定権はなかった。大正デモクラシーの時代には1925年(大正14)の普通選挙制採用などが目につく。日本の地方議会は、中央による地方の官僚支配の政治装置のなかで位置づけられていた。 日本国憲法の下において、憲法第93条は、地方公共団体にその議事機関としての議会を設け、議会の議員は住民が直接にこれを選挙する旨定めている。住民代表機関たる地方議会は、地方公共団体の審議・議決機関である。この地方議会は、立法権その他広範な権限を有することなどにおいて国会とその性質を同じくするが、執行機関との関係においては、議会の執行機関に対する優越的地位が保障されているわけではなく、両者は原則的には独立対等の関係にある。議会には、議会が議員のなかから1人選出する議長が置かれ、議会を代表する。会議を行う組織として、最終的に意思決定を行う議員全員による本会議と、議決前に予備的に審議する委員会がある。委員会には常任委員会と特別委員会がある。いずれも条例によるものであるが、特別委員会は、会期中に限り、議会の議決により付議された事件を審議するにとどまる。地方議会の権限は、議決権(条例の制定・改廃権限、予算決定・増額修正権限など)および執行機関に対する各種の監視・統制権(事務に関する書類・計算書の検閲権および執行機関の事務の管理、議決の執行、出納の検査権、副知事・出納長などの人事についての同意権など)、自律権(正副議長などの選挙に関する権能、議会の内部組織権、会議規則の制定権、資格決定・懲罰などについて)に大別することができる。議会には、毎年条例で定める回数招集される定例会(なお、2010年の時点では、すべての都道府県と市議会は、条例で定例会を毎年4回と定めている)と、必要がある場合、その事件に限り審議するために招集される臨時会がある。地方自治法は、会議公開、定足数、過半数表決、会計不継続等の諸原則を定める。 [平田和一] 外国の地方議会イギリスの地方公共団体には、地方議会(カウンシル)が置かれ、この住民によって選挙された議員(カウンシラー)によって構成されるカウンシルが地方行政一般の権限をもっている。すなわち、議決機関と執行機関の権能をあわせもっているといえよう。アメリカにおいて、連邦憲法は地方制度についてなんら規定せず、どのような地方制度を設けるかは各州の権限である。アメリカの地方議会は、州、郡、市、町、村ごとに置かれる。アメリカにおける市制についていえば、市長・市会型(市長も住民により直接選挙され、市会は立法機関、市長は執行機関として行政権を担う)、市会・支配人型(市会が立法権と行政権を担うが、1人の市支配人を選任して行政的職務を一任し、市会がその監督にあたる。市長は儀礼的存在で、市会の長が務める)などがあり、一様ではない。ドイツも連邦制をとり、地方制度も各ラント(州)によって異なるが、いずれも直接選挙による議会を有する。基礎的地方公共団体としての市町村には市町村議会があるが、議会と市町村長の関係は州によって異なる。市町村長が議会によって選任され、行政機関の長と議会の議長を兼ねる場合、市町村長が住民の直接選挙によって選出され、行政機関の長と議会の議長を兼ねる場合などがある(ほとんどの州は市町村長公選制に移行)。後者においては、議会との関係で市町村長の権限が強いといわれる。フランスの地方公共団体は、州、県、市町村があり、それぞれ州会、県会、市町村参事会を有する。中央集権的な行政機構はナポレオン以来フランスの特色であったが、1982年の「市町村、県および州の権利と自由に関する法律」が、三つの地方公共団体をそれぞれ固有の議会と公選制の首長をもつ自治体とした。 [平田和一] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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