A real right to use someone else's land in order to own structures such as buildings or bridges, or bamboo and trees on that land (Civil Code, Articles 265-269). It is often used to build buildings or plant trees. Since ancient times, there have been presumed superficies (Article 1 of the Law on Superficies) in which the rights of the user who has used someone else's land are presumed to be superficies, and even today there are statutory superficies (Article 388 of the Civil Code, etc.) which are automatically recognized by law, but usually superficies are established by a contract (establishment act) between the parties. However, land use based on superficies is rare, and in most cases it is based on a lease agreement. The reason for this is that landowners are reluctant to establish superficies, as the rights of the superficies holder are stronger than the rights of the lessee. Today, there is something commonly called surface rights in the context of using someone else's land, but in most cases it is a leasehold right, not a surface right as defined in the Civil Code. However, in the special legislation for the protection of lessees after the Civil Code was enacted, the right to use someone else's land to build a building was not treated differently depending on whether it was a surface right or a leasehold right (Law on Building Protection, Land Lease Law. These two laws were enacted in 1991 and abolished by the Land and House Lease Law, which came into force in 1992). In the Land and House Lease Law, the right to use someone else's land for the purpose of owning a building is called a leasehold right, and surface rights and leasehold rights are treated the same. Therefore, if we are limited to the use of someone else's land for the purpose of owning a building, there is not much difference between surface rights and leasehold rights today, and the main difference is that a lessee cannot transfer or sublease (or rent) the leasehold right without the landowner's permission, whereas a surface right holder can. [Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
他人の土地に建物・橋などの工作物または竹木を所有するため、その土地を使用する物権(民法265条~269条)。建物を建てるため、あるいは植林のために利用されることが多い。古くから他人の土地を使用している関係において使用者の権利が地上権であると推定される推定地上権(地上権ニ関スル法律1条)があり、今日でも法律上当然に地上権が認められる法定地上権(民法388条など)があるが、普通は当事者間の契約(設定行為)により地上権が設定される。しかし、地上権による土地使用はまれで、ほとんどが賃貸借契約によっている。地上権者の権利のほうが賃借権者の権利よりも強いので、地主が地上権の設定をいやがることにその原因がある。 今日、他人の土地を使用する関係において俗に地上権とよばれているものがあるが、たいていは賃借権であって、民法に規定されている地上権ではない。しかし、民法制定後の借地人保護のための特別立法では、建物を建てるために他人の土地を使用する権利につき、それが地上権であるか賃借権であるかに従って異なった扱いがなされていたわけではない(建物保護ニ関スル法律、借地法。この二つの法律は1991年に制定、1992年施行された借地借家法により廃止)。借地借家法では、建物を所有することを目的として他人の土地を使用する権利は借地権という名でよばれ、地上権と賃借権とが同じに扱われている。したがって、建物の所有を目的とした他人の土地の使用に限定していえば、今日では、地上権と賃借権との間に大きな差異はあまりなく、おもな相違は、賃借権者が地主に無断で賃借権の譲渡や転貸(また貸し)ができないのに反し、地上権者はそれができるという点にある。 [高橋康之・野澤正充] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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