A real right whose purpose is to provide property belonging to a debtor or a third party as collateral. Along with usufruct, it is a real right that limits ownership. This does not mean that ownership is the only thing that can be the subject of a secured real right; surface rights and emphysema rights can also be the subject of a mortgage (Civil Code, Article 369, Paragraph 2). The Civil Code provides for four types of rights: retention rights, preferential rights, pledge rights, and mortgages. The first two are statutory secured real rights whose occurrence requirements are stipulated by law and which arise automatically by law if those requirements are met. In contrast, the latter two arise from a contract that establishes a secured real right, and are called consensual secured real rights. There are three types of secured rights: those in which the creditor retains the collateral and thereby encourages the debtor to repay the debt (lien); those in which the creditor receives payment in priority over other creditors by auctioning the collateral if the debtor defaults on the debt, thereby fulfilling the function of security (precedent/mortgage); and those in which both fulfill the function of security (pledge). In addition to those stipulated in the Civil Code, there are special secured rights under the Commercial Code, and there are also many secured rights under special laws, such as foundation mortgages and chattel mortgages. For example, the enterprise security rights established by the Enterprise Security Law enacted in 1958 (Showa 33) (Article 1, Paragraph 1) are stipulated to be real rights (Article 2, Paragraph 2), while the Law on Provisional Registration Security Contracts enacted in 1978 does not stipulate that secured rights are established by this contract. However, focusing on its substance, provisional registration security is often said to be a secured right. [Yasuyuki Takahashi] [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
債務者または第三者の物を担保に供することを目的とする物権をいう。用益物権とともに所有権を制限する物権である。このことは、所有権だけが担保物権の目的たりうるにとどまることを意味するわけではなく、地上権および永小作権も抵当権の目的となりうる(民法369条2項)。民法には、留置権、先取(さきどり)特権、質権、抵当権の4種につき規定が置かれている。前二者は、その発生要件が法律によって規定されており、その要件が充足されれば法律上当然に発生する法定担保物権である。これに対して後二者は、担保物権を設定する契約によって発生するものであり、約定担保物権とよばれる。 担保物権には、債権者が担保物を留置し、そうすることによって債務者に債務の弁済を促すもの(留置権)、債務者が債務を履行しない場合に、担保物を競売するなどして債権者が他の債権者に優先して弁済を受け、そうすることによって担保の機能を果たすもの(先取特権・抵当権)、および、この両者によって担保の機能を果たすもの(質権)がある。これら民法に定めるもののほか、担保物権には、商法上に特別のものがあり、また財団抵当・動産抵当など特別法上の担保物権も数が多い。なお、たとえば1958年(昭和33)に制定された企業担保法によって設けられた企業担保権(1条1項)は物権であることが規定されており(同条2項)、これに対して、78年制定の「仮登記担保契約に関する法律」は、この契約によって担保物権が設定されることを規定していない。しかし、その実質に着目し、仮登記担保も担保物権であるといわれることが多い。 [高橋康之] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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