Isfahan - Isfahan (English spelling)

Japanese: イスファハーン - いすふぁはーん(英語表記)Eşfahān
Isfahan - Isfahan (English spelling)

The capital of Isfahan Province in central Iran. It is also called Isfahan. It is the third largest city in Iran, located 420 km south of Tehran, on a plateau at an altitude of 1,590 meters. It has a population of 1,266,072 (1996), 1,961,260 (2016 census). Its annual precipitation is 109 mm. The country's largest inland river, the Zayan-e-Rud River, which originates in the Zagros Mountains, runs through the city. It has long been a center of traditional crafts, famous for chintz, copperwork, engraving, inlay work, and carpet weaving. Until the influx of cotton cloth from Manchester in the 19th century, it was the most important cotton textile production area in Iran. The Armenian residential area (Jolfa), which was moved from Jolfa by Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty, is located in the southern part of the city. There are also many Jews. The area around the town is the fertile land on the Iranian plateau, and vegetables and rice are intensively cultivated using the waters of the Zayan-e-Rood River. In the 19th century, it was also the largest producer of opium. As an ancient capital of Iran, it has many historical sites and famous places, including Masjid-i-Shah (Royal Mosque), which surrounds the King's Square established by Shah Abbas, Ali Qapoo Palace, and Khajoo Bridge, which was built by Abbas II (the Great) over the Zayan-e-Rood River. There is a railway line to Tehran, and there is also an international airport.

[Masataka Okazaki]

history

It has existed since the Achaemenid Persian period, and was one of the major cities during the Sassanid Persian period. Blessed by the waters of the great river Zayan-e-Rud, it developed as a center of oasis agriculture. It entered the Islamic world with the Arab conquest in the mid-7th century, and was ruled by governors during the Orthodox Caliphate, Umayyad, and Abbasid periods. It was also briefly under the control of the Saffarid and Samanid dynasties. The city began to develop in earnest during the Buyid dynasty (932-1062), when it became the center of the Jibar region (central Iran) and a citadel, city walls, and mosques were built, and a bazaar was also developed. During the Seljuk period, it was temporarily the capital, a great mosque was built, and it became a center of commerce and culture, but after the sultan moved to Khorasan, public safety deteriorated and the city fell into ruin. During the Ilkhanid period, Isfahan came under indirect rule by a governor and regained some degree of prosperity, but it declined again during the Timurid, Qoyundu and Aqoyundu periods. During the Safavid period (1501-1736), it once again became a commercial, cultural and religious center, and in particular, at the end of the 16th century, Shah Abbas designated it as the capital, and some of the greatest buildings in the Middle East, such as Masjid-i-Shah, were built there, leading to the prosperity of Isfahan being praised as "half the world." In the mid-17th century, it is said that there were 162 mosques and 1802 caravan sarais (caravansary). However, after the Afshar Nadir Shah moved the capital to Mashhad in the first half of the 18th century, the population left Isfahan, and it went into a steady decline due in part to the effects of famine. From the end of the 19th century, the population began to increase, and it recovered to the large city it is today. In recent years, industrialization has been remarkable.

[Kousuke Shimizu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イラン中部、イスファハーン州の州都。エスファハーンともいう。イラン第三の都市で、テヘランの南方420キロメートル、標高1590メートルの高原に位置する。人口126万6072(1996)、196万1260(2016センサス)。年降水量は109ミリメートル。ザーグロス山脈に源を発するこの国最大の内陸河川ザーヤンデ・ルード川が町を貫流する。古くから伝統工芸の中心地で、更紗(さらさ)、銅細工、彫金細工、象眼(ぞうがん)細工、カーペット織などは有名。19世紀にマンチェスター産綿布が流入するまでは、イランでもっとも重要な綿織物の産地であった。サファビー朝のシャー・アッバースによってジョルファから移されたアルメニア人の居住区(ジョルファ)が町の南部にある。ユダヤ人も多い。町の周辺はイラン高原でもっとも豊かな土地で、ザーヤンデ・ルード川の水を利用し野菜や米などが集約的に栽培されている。19世紀にはアヘンの最大の産地でもあった。イランの古都であるため史跡、名所が多く、シャー・アッバースが設けた王の広場を取り巻くマスジッド・イ・シャー(王のモスク)やアリカプー宮殿、ザーヤンデ・ルード川にアッバース2世(大王)によって架けられたハージュー橋などはとくに有名である。テヘランへは鉄道が通じており、国際空港もある。

[岡﨑正孝]

歴史

アケメネス朝ペルシア時代から存在し、ササン朝ペルシア時代には主要都市の一つであった。大河ザーヤンデ・ルードの水に恵まれ、オアシス農業の中心地として発展した。7世紀中ごろアラブの大征服によってイスラム圏に入り、正統カリフ時代、ウマイヤ朝、アッバース朝時代には、それらの総督によって統治された。一時、サッファール朝、サーマーン朝の支配下に入ったこともある。本格的に都市が発展したのはブワイフ朝(932~1062)時代のことで、同朝のジバール地方(中央イラン)における中心地となり、城塞(じょうさい)、市壁、モスクが造営され、バザールも整備された。セルジューク朝時代には一時首都となり、大モスクがつくられ、商業、文化の中心地となったが、スルタンがホラサーンへ移ったのちには、治安も悪化し、荒廃した。イル・ハン朝期には、総督による間接統治下に入り、ある程度繁栄を取り戻したが、ティームール朝、黒羊朝、白羊朝時代にはふたたび衰退した。サファビー朝(1501~1736)時代には再度商業、文化、宗教の中心地となり、とくに16世紀末にシャー・アッバースによって首都に定められて、マスジット・イ・シャーなど中東屈指の建築物がつくられ、「イスファハーンは世界の半分」とうたわれる繁栄を現出した。17世紀中ごろには、162のモスク、1802のキャラバン・サライ(隊商宿)があったという。しかし18世紀前半にアフシャール人のナーディル・シャーがマシュハドに遷都して以来、人口が流出し、飢饉(ききん)の影響もあって衰退の一途をたどった。19世紀末ごろから人口が増加に転じ、現在の大都市へと回復した。近年は工業化が著しい。

[清水宏祐]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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