Izumi Province

One of the five Kinai provinces. The old name of the province corresponds to the southern part of present-day Osaka Prefecture. Abbreviated as Senshu. It borders Settsu Province to the north, Kawachi Province to the east, and Kii Province to the south, and faces Osaka Bay to the west. In ancient times it was called Chinu and was under the jurisdiction of the Kawachi Kuni no Miyatsuko, but even after the Taika Reforms it remained part of Kawachi Province, with three districts, Otori, Izumi, and Hine, established there. It was only in the Middle Ages that Izumi District was divided into Izumi District and Minami District, and the area was called the Four Izumi Districts. In 716 (Reiki 2), the above three counties were separated from Kawachi Province and made Izumi Province to cover the cost of building Chinu Palace, and in 740 (Tenpyo 12), they were restored to Kawachi Province, but in 757 (Tenpyo Hoji 1), the former area of ​​Izumi Province was separated and Izumi Province was established. In the Wamyōshō, there are 10 townships each in Otori and Izumi counties, and 4 townships in Hinegō, with 4,569 cho of rice fields. There are approximately 130 clans listed in the Shinsen Shōjiroku. From the Heian period through the Kamakura period, many manors were separated, such as the territories of Emperor Hachijo, Emperor Gotakakura, Saishokoin, the Kujo family, Kasugasha, Matsuodera, Mount Koya, Sefukuji, and Rinsenji. As pilgrimages to Kumano became popular, transportation developed around the 18 Oji shrines along the highway, and the good ports of Ozu, Kozaki, and Hinene were also established. During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Sakai was a battlefield, with the Kusunoki clan of the Southern Court and the Hosokawa clan of the Northern Court appointed as the guardians of Izumi, while the Wada, Hashimoto, Matsuo-dera and Kumedadera clans belonged to the Southern Army, and the Tashiro and Hineno clans belonged to the Northern Army. During this time, Sakai became the base of the Northern Court's guardian, Yamana Ujikiyo, but in 1392 (Genchu ​​9, Meitoku 3), Ouchi Yoshihiro defeated Ujikiyo and occupied the city, beginning trade with Ming China and making a profit. Yoshihiro started the Oei Rebellion and was defeated (1399), but Sakai became a departure point for ships sent to Ming China and a stopover point for trade with Nanban, and the town culture flourished, becoming known overseas as an autonomous city where the Egoshu controlled the town government. Later, in 1570 (Genki 1), when the Battle of Ishiyama occurred, the followers of Izumi supported Hongan-ji Temple and fought against Oda Nobunaga, and in 1585 (Tensho 13), the province was once again a battlefield when Toyotomi Hideyoshi attacked Negoro. During the Edo period, in addition to territories directly controlled by the shogunate, Kishiwada Domain (Koide, Matsudaira, Okabe clans) and Hakata Domain (Watanabe clan) were established. With the Meiji Restoration, Sakai Prefecture was established in 1868 (Meiji 1), and in 1871, Yoshimi Prefecture, Kishiwada Prefecture, and Hakata Prefecture were established with the abolition of the feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures, which merged in the same year to form Sakai Prefecture. In 1881, it was merged into Osaka Prefecture. Currently, the province is divided into the cities of Sakai, Kishiwada, Izumiotsu, Kaizuka, Izumisano, Izumi, Takaishi, and Sennan, and the counties of Senboku and Sennan.

Up until the mid-Heian period, Sakai was a major producer of sueki ware, and its wooden combs and Izumi vinegar were nationally known specialties, a tradition that continued into the Edo period. In the Middle Ages, Sakai was famous for its firearms, and in the early modern period, commercial agriculture developed and home-based handicraft industries such as Izumi cotton flourished. A publishing culture (Sakai edition) emerged as early as the Middle Ages, and the tea ceremony became popular, and in the early modern period, influenced by Osaka, many talented people were produced in various fields, leading to the rise of local culture.

[Atsushi Fujimoto]

"Sakai City History" (1929-1931, 1971-1976, Sakai City)" ▽ "Izumi City History" (2 volumes) (1965, 1968, Izumi City)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

五畿内(きない)の一国。現在の大阪府の南部にあたる旧国名。略称泉州(せんしゅう)。北は摂津国、東は河内(かわち)国、南は紀伊国に接し、西は大阪湾に面す。古くは茅渟(ちぬ)とよばれ、河内国造(くにのみやつこ)の管下にあったが、大化改新後も河内国に属して、大鳥、和泉、日根(ひね)の3郡が置かれた。和泉郡が泉郡と南郡に分かれ、和泉四郡と称せられたのは中世以降である。716年（霊亀2）珍努宮(ちぬのみや)造営の経費にあてるため、前記の3郡を河内国から分割して和泉監(いずみのげん)とし、740年（天平12）ふたたび河内国に復したが、757年（天平宝字1）に至り、和泉監の旧管内を独立させて和泉国を設置した。『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』には、大鳥郡、和泉郡に各10郷、日根郡に4郷の名がみえ、田は4569町とある。『新撰姓氏録(しんせんしょうじろく)』に名を連ねる氏族は約130。平安時代から鎌倉時代にかけて、八条院領、後高倉院(ごたかくらいん)領、最勝光院(さいしょうこういん)領、九条家領、春日社(かすがしゃ)領、松尾寺(まつのおでら)領、高野山(こうやさん)領、施福寺(せふくじ)領、臨川寺(りんせんじ)領などの荘園(しょうえん)が多数分立、また熊野参詣(さんけい)の流行に伴い、街道沿いの18の王子社を中心に交通が発達し、小津(おづ)、神前(こうざき)、日根の良港もできた。南北朝時代には戦乱の舞台となり、南朝は楠木(くすのき)氏、北朝は細川氏を和泉守護に任じ、和田氏、橋本氏、松尾寺、久米田寺(くめだでら)は南軍に、田代氏、日根野氏は北軍に属して抗争した。この間、堺(さかい)は北朝の守護山名氏清(やまなうじきよ)の本拠となったが、1392年（元中9・明徳3）大内義弘(よしひろ)は氏清を滅ぼして占拠し、対明(みん)貿易を始めて利を収めた。義弘は応永の乱を起こして討伐された（1399）が、堺は遣明船の発着地、南蛮貿易の中継地となり、町衆文化が栄え、会合衆(えごうしゅう)が町政を握る自治都市として、海外にも知られた。下って1570年（元亀1）石山合戦が起こると、和泉の門徒らは本願寺を支援して織田信長と戦い、1585年（天正13）豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の根来(ねごろ)征討の際も、国中はふたたび戦場になった。江戸時代には幕府直轄地のほか岸和田藩（小出、松平、岡部氏）、伯太(はかた)藩（渡辺氏）が置かれた。明治維新に至り1868年（明治1）堺県、1871年廃藩置県により吉見県、岸和田県、伯太県が設けられ、同年合併して堺県。1881年大阪府に合併した。現在は、堺、岸和田、泉大津、貝塚、泉佐野、和泉、高石、泉南の各市、泉北、泉南の両郡に分かれる。

　平安中期ごろまでは須恵器(すえき)の大生産地であり、また近木櫛(こぎぐし)や和泉酢(す)は全国的な名産として知られ、江戸時代まで引き継がれた。中世には堺の鉄砲が名高く、近世には商業的農業が発達し、和泉木綿など家内手工業が展開した。中世には早くも出版文化（堺版）がおこり、茶の湯が流行、近世には大坂の影響から、各分野にわたり多数の人材が輩出して、地方文化が興隆した。

［藤本　篤］

『『堺市史』正続（1929～1931、1971～1976・堺市）』▽『『和泉市史』全2巻（1965、1968・和泉市）』

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