This is a condition in which tuberculosis bacteria travel through the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, forming numerous tuberculous lesions in multiple organs. Before the inflammation of the early stages following the initial infection has subsided, the bacteria enter the lymphatic flow, passing through the lymph nodes in the hilum and mediastinum, reaching the venous angle at the base of the neck, and then entering the subclavian vein. From there, it travels through the bloodstream, passes through the heart, and spreads throughout the lungs, forming countless tiny lesions. The bacteria then return to the heart and spread throughout the body, causing lesions in the bone marrow, liver, kidneys, and meninges. In the past, miliary tuberculosis was a disease that was common among young people who had little resistance to tuberculosis. Recently, however, it has become more prevalent among people with severely weakened immune systems, such as patients with collagen diseases or malignant tumors who are receiving immunosuppressants. Therefore, some people develop the disease not as a result of primary infection, but as a result of secondary tuberculosis. Symptoms include high fever and a feeling of urgency, but other symptoms vary depending on the organs affected. A chest X-ray shows numerous large shadows (approximately 1 mm in diameter) distributed uniformly throughout the lungs. Sputum smear tests rarely reveal the bacteria, except in cases following secondary tuberculosis. A diagnosis of tuberculosis is made by taking a tissue sample from the lung or extrapulmonary lesion and examining it under a microscope to find granulomas caused by tuberculosis (biopsy), or by culturing sputum or other body fluids to find the bacteria. Treatment is the same as for severe pulmonary tuberculosis. If other diseases are present, long-term hospitalization is often necessary, and the length of treatment and subsequent progress will depend on these complications. Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information |
結核菌が血液の流れにのり、全身にまき散らされ、多数の臓器におびただしい数の結核性病変が形成された状態をいいます。 初感染(しょかんせん)に引き続いておこった初期変化群の炎症がおさまらないうちに、菌がリンパ液の流れにのると、肺門(はいもん)、縦隔(じゅうかく)にあるリンパ節をつぎつぎに通過して、くびのつけ根にある静脈角(じょうみゃくかく)に達し、鎖骨下静脈(さこつかじょうみゃく)に入り込みます。 そこから血流にのって、心臓を経て、まず肺にくまなく散らばり、無数の細かい病変を形成します。 さらに菌は、心臓にもどり、全身に散らばります。とくに、骨髄(こつずい)、肝臓、腎臓(じんぞう)、髄膜(ずいまく)などに病変を形成するのが目立ちます。 粟粒結核は、かつては、結核に抵抗力のない若年者に多くみられる病気でしたが、最近では、免疫抑制薬が使われている膠原病(こうげんびょう)や悪性腫瘍(あくせいしゅよう)の患者さんなど、著しく免疫力の低下した人の発症が目立っています。 したがって、初感染ではなく、二次結核症(にじけっかくしょう)に続いて発病する人もいます。 症状は、かならず高熱がおこり、重症感があります。その他の症状は、病変のある臓器によってさまざまです。 胸部X線写真では、大(直径1mm前後)の無数の陰影が、肺全体に一様に分布して見えます。 たんの塗抹検査(とまつけんさ)では、二次結核症に続発した場合以外、菌が見つかることはまれです。 肺や肺外病変の組織をとって顕微鏡で調べ、結核による肉芽腫(にくげしゅ)を証明したり(生検(せいけん))、たんやその他の体液を培養して菌を見つけ、結核と診断します。 治療は、重症の肺結核と同様に行ないます。ほかの病気をともなうと、長期入院が必要なことが多く、治療期間やその後の経過は、このような合併症によって左右されます。 出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報 |
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