Unit operation - unit operation

Japanese: 単位操作 - たんいそうさ(英語表記)unit operation
Unit operation - unit operation

In any chemical industry, the manufacturing process almost always involves physical operations before and after chemical reactions, such as preparation of raw materials and separation and purification of products. These physical operations are called unit operations, and the chemical operations are called unit reactions or reaction operations.

There is no set standard for the classification and number of unit operations, but they usually include flow, heat transfer, diffusion-based mass transfer operations such as evaporation, distillation, gas absorption, extraction, drying, crystallization, and adsorption, and mechanical separation operations using mechanical properties such as mixing, stirring, grinding, filtration, centrifugation, classification, and dust collection. When considering chemical equipment, such as distillation equipment, it is essentially the same in the fermentation industry, petroleum industry, and other organic chemical industries, with only minor differences depending on the substance being handled. Therefore, if one learns the general principles and handling methods of such operations, one can design equipment and determine economical operating conditions to perform each operation rationally. Furthermore, if one systematically learns these types of operations, it becomes easier and simpler to handle all chemical processes, and ultimately makes it easier to design chemical processes. The concept of unit operations was born from this idea, and was proposed in 1915 by American engineer Arthur D. Little (1863-1935). This was systematized and developed into today's chemical engineering.

[Otake Denyu]

[Reference] | Chemical Engineering | Chemical Equipment | Unit Reaction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

どのような化学工業でも、その製造工程にはかならずといってもよいくらいに、化学反応の前後には原料の調製、生成物の分離・精製といった物理的操作が加わっている。この物理的操作を単位操作といい、化学的操作を単位反応あるいは反応操作という。

 単位操作の分類や数については一定の基準はないが、普通は流動、伝熱と、蒸発、蒸留、ガス吸収、抽出、乾燥、晶析、吸着などの拡散に基づく物質移動操作、混合、攪拌(かくはん)、粉砕、濾過(ろか)、遠心分離、分級、集塵(しゅうじん)などの力学的特性を利用した機械的分離操作とが含まれている。化学装置たとえば蒸留装置を考える場合、本質的には発酵工業、石油工業あるいはその他の有機化学工業においても同一であり、取り扱う物質によってその細部に差異があるのみである。したがって、このような操作に関する一般的な原理や取扱い方を習得しておけば、それぞれの操作を合理的に行うための装置の設計や経済的な操作条件を決めることができる。さらにこの種の操作を系統的に学んでおけば、すべての化学プロセスの扱いは容易になり、かつ単純化できて、ひいては化学プロセスの工程設計が容易に行えることになる。このような思想のもとに生まれた概念が単位操作であって、1915年アメリカの技術者リトルArthur D. Little(1863―1935)の提唱によるものである。これが体系化されて今日の化学工学へ進展した。

[大竹伝雄]

[参照項目] | 化学工学 | 化学装置 | 単位反応

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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