Parthenogenesis - Parthenogenesis

Japanese: 単為生殖 - たんいせいしょく
Parthenogenesis - Parthenogenesis

Normally, there are both male and female individuals and they reproduce sexually, but this type of reproduction occurs when only one of the individuals produces offspring. This is also called parthenogenesis. In parthenogenesis, the female reproductive cells (eggs) often divide and multiply without the male's sperm to develop into new individuals, which is called virgin reproduction. Conversely, parthenogenesis using sperm alone is called virgin reproduction. Parthenogenesis can also be divided into natural parthenogenesis and artificial parthenogenesis.

Male honeybees have half the number of chromosomes, 16, because males develop from unfertilized eggs laid by queen bees. When a queen bee mates with a male, she lays eggs with multiple chromosomes, and from the resulting fertilized eggs females, including future queen bees, develop. Some animals perform natural parthenogenesis depending on the season. Aphids produce females through parthenogenesis in the summer, but sexual reproduction in the fall. Some rotifers perform parthenogenesis in a single season, with only egg-forming individuals found. Parthenogenesis is not limited to lower animals; some fish, amphibians, and reptiles develop from unfertilized eggs. However, in birds, the male chromosomes are the same type, so parthenogenesis produces males. Therefore, parthenogenesis cannot continue in birds. Parthenogenesis can only continue if the female chromosomes are the same type.

Parthenogenesis can also be induced artificially. This is called artificial parthenogenesis. French biologist E. Bataillon found that when he pierced countless frog eggs with a needle, a small number of eggs began to develop (1910). The number of successful cases increased significantly when the needle was dipped in blood. This type of research was then carried out on sea urchin and amphibian eggs, and artificial parthenogenesis was successfully achieved by mechanical stimulation, various chemicals, hypertonic solutions, and other treatments. Some natural parthenogenesis may be caused by some factor found in artificial parthenogenesis. There have been experiments in mammals in which unfertilized eggs were artificially initiated to divide and early development occurred, but there have been no reports of individual development. Therefore, it can be said that parthenogenesis by virgin conception in humans is almost nonexistent.

[Takasugi Akira]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

本来は雌雄の両個体があって有性生殖を行う生物が、一方の個体のみで子孫をつくりだす生殖で、単性生殖ともいう。単為生殖では、雌の生殖細胞である卵が、雄の精子なしに分裂増殖して新しい個体に発生する場合が多く、これを処女生殖とよぶ。逆に、精子の単為生殖を童貞生殖という。また、単為生殖は自然単為生殖と人為単為生殖に分けられる。

 ミツバチの雄は染色体が半数の16であるが、これは、女王バチが産んだ未受精卵から雄が発生するからである。この雄と交尾した女王バチは倍数染色体の卵を産み、こうして生じた受精卵から将来の女王バチも含めて雌が生じる。動物のなかには季節によって自然単為生殖を行うものがある。アリマキは夏に単為生殖をして雌をつくるが、秋には有性生殖を行う。ワムシのなかには、卵を形成する個体しか見当たらずつねに単為生殖をしているものもある。単為生殖は下等動物に限ったものではなく、魚類、両生類、爬虫(はちゅう)類のなかには未受精卵から発生するものがある。しかし、鳥類では雄の染色体が同型であるので、単為生殖では雄ができる。したがって鳥類では単為生殖を続けることはできない。雌の染色体が同型の場合のみ単為生殖を継続できるのである。

 単為生殖は人工的にも引き起こすことができる。これを人為単為生殖という。フランスの生物学者バタイヨンE. Bataillonは、無数のカエルの卵を針で刺して、少数の卵が発生を始めることをみいだした(1910)。針の先に血液をつけて刺すと成功例はずっと増える。その後この種の研究はウニや両生類の卵で行われ、機械的刺激、種々の薬品、高張液などの処理で人為単為生殖に成功している。自然単為生殖のなかには、人為単為生殖でみいだされたなんらかの因子によっておこった場合もありうる。哺乳(ほにゅう)類でも、未受精卵の分割を人工的に開始させて初期発生をおこさせた実験はあるが、個体にまで発生させた報告はない。したがってヒトの処女懐胎による単為生殖は、絶無に近いといえよう。

[高杉 暹]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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