A method for determining astronomical latitude. In the 17th century, Peder Nielsen Horrebow (1679-1764) of Denmark devised a method for determining astronomical latitude by observing the difference in zenith distance between two stars. American Army Captain Andrew Talcott (1797-1883) independently came up with the same method and created a visual zenith instrument suitable for such observations. It is called the Horrebow-Talcott's method, or Talcott method for short. The precise level attached to a zenith instrument is also called the Talcott level. The Talcott method is the observation principle for optical astronomical longitude and latitude observation instruments such as floating zenith instruments and photographic zenith tubes. Two stars, one north and one south, that are approximately the same zenith distance from the zenith are observed as a pair among the stars that pass through the meridian of the observation site. The micrometer is read according to the passage of the first star to the north or south, and the micrometer is read according to the passage of the second star to the north or south. The difference between the micrometer readings of the two stars is the difference in their zenith distances. Half of this, plus half the sum of the declinations of the two stars, gives the astronomical latitude of the observing point. [Kojiro Wakao] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
天文緯度の決定法の一つ。17世紀デンマークのホレボーPeder Nielsen Horrebow(1679―1764)は、二つの星の天頂距離の差を観測して天文緯度を決定する方法を考案した。アメリカの陸軍大尉タルコットAndrew Talcott(1797―1883)は、ホレボーとは独立に同じ方法を考え、その観測に適した器械の眼視天頂儀を製作した。ホレボー‐タルコット法Horrebow-Talcott's method、略してタルコット法という。天頂儀についている精密な水準器をタルコット水準器ともいう。タルコット法は、浮遊天頂儀、写真天頂筒などの光学的天文経緯度観測機の観測原理になっている。観測地の子午線を通過する星のうち、天頂からほぼ同じ天頂距離をもつ南北二つの星を一対として観測する。南または北の第一星の通過にあわせて測微計を読み、北または南の第二星の通過を測微計で読み取る。二つの星の測微計の読みの差は、両星の天頂距離の差である。その半分と、両星の赤緯の和の半分を加えると、観測地点の天文緯度となる。 [若生康二郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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