A type of state in which the executive branch has relative superiority over the legislative branch (parliament) and the judicial branch (courts). This concept is used in contrast to legislative states and judicial states. The role of the state in the 19th century was typically understood as that of an external guarantor of the order of the autonomous operation of civil society, and the center of gravity of state governance was in the legislative function, with the administrative function being kept to a minimum. This is why it was called the passive state, the night watchman state, or the legislative state. However, the subsequent contradictions in capitalist society, such as the emergence of social problems such as recession, unemployment, and poverty, made it inevitable for the state to actively intervene in civil society, and in the modern state of the 20th century, the phenomenon of the expansion and strengthening of state functions, especially administrative functions, became prominent. Modern administration is extensively and closely related to the lives of the people, and the expansion of administration through administrative planning, delegated legislation, notices, administrative discretion, administrative guidance, etc., the development of administrative bureaucracy, and the weakening and hollowing out of the legislative function of parliament, on the other hand, have led the executive branch to occupy a virtually central position in the formation and decision-making of national policy. Modern states in which this phenomenon of administrative dominance is observed can be characterized as administrative states from a political and administrative perspective. The term "administrative state" as a legal concept refers to a state that has administrative law as a system of laws specific to administration, which is different from private law, and has a special administrative court system that excludes the jurisdiction of ordinary judicial courts in administrative disputes. The specific form of this varies from country to country and era, but examples include Germany and France. The current constitution of our country abolished the former administrative court system and made administrative litigation cases subject to ordinary judicial courts, so that in the legal sense, it can be said that Japan has transformed from an administrative state to a judicial state after the war. However, in the political sense, the phenomenon of becoming an administrative state is also evident. [Ryōshi Mitsuhashi] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
立法府である議会、司法府である裁判所に対して、行政府が相対的な優越性をもつ国家類型。立法国家、司法国家に対比して用いられる概念である。 類型的に理解された19世紀段階の国家の役割は、市民社会の自律的運行の秩序を外在的に保障するものとして、しかも、そこでの国家統治の重心は立法機能にあり、行政機能は必要最小限にとどまるべきであると考えられていた。消極国家、夜警国家、立法国家などと称されるゆえんである。しかし、その後の資本主義社会の諸矛盾、たとえば不況、失業、生活困窮などの社会問題の発生は、市民社会に対する国家の積極的介入を必然的なものとし、20世紀段階の現代国家においては、国家機能、とりわけ行政機能の拡大・強化の現象が顕著となった。現代行政は、国民生活と広範かつ密接に関係し、また、行政計画、委任立法、通達、行政裁量、行政指導等による行政の増大、行政官僚制の発達、および他方における議会の立法機能の弱体化・形骸(けいがい)化などにより、行政府は国家政策の形成・決定において実質上中心的な地位を占めるに至った。このような行政権優位の現象がみられる現代国家を、政治学的・行政学的には行政国家と性格づけることができる。 法律学上の概念としての行政国家とは、私法とは異質の、行政に特殊固有の法の体系としての行政法をもち、行政に係る争訟に通常の司法裁判所の管轄を排除する特別な行政裁判所制度をもっている国家をいう。その具体的形態は、時代により国により異なるところがあるが、ドイツ、フランスなどがその例である。 わが国の現行憲法は、かつての行政裁判所制度を廃止し、行政訴訟事件も通常の司法裁判所に係属することとしたので、戦後日本は、法律学的意味においては、行政国家から司法国家に転換したといえる。しかし、政治学的意味における行政国家化の現象も顕著である。 [三橋良士明] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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