Durham

Japanese: ダラム（英語表記）Durham

Durham is a unitary authority in the northeast of England. Its administrative seat is Durham. In 1974, the reorganization of local governments led to the separation of parts of County Durham into the Tyne and Wear region and the County of Cleveland, and the incorporation of parts of Yorkshire. In 1997, Darlington was separated, and in 2009, Durham was transferred from a county to a unitary authority. It faces the North Sea, and is divided by the valley of the River Wear between the Pennines to the west and the East Durham Plateau to the east, with the lowlands along the River Tees stretching to the south. In Roman times, it was an outpost against Scotland, and was later incorporated into the Kingdom of Northumbria. In the Middle Ages, it was unstable, with repeated invasions and rebellions by foreign enemies, and had no economic importance, but in the 19th century, it began to develop as one of the industrial regions of the UK with the development of coalfields. In 1825, the world's first passenger railway line opened in Darlington, and heavy industries such as steel and shipbuilding developed. However, as the coal industry declined, the area was designated as part of the North East Development Area after World War II, and a shift to light industry was promoted. Two new towns, Aycliffe and Peterlee, were built to accommodate coal miners. Agriculture is dominated by sheep farming in the western highlands and mixed farming in the east, with dairy production also thriving. Durham city is an educational centre, with a prestigious university. Area: 2,226 ^km2 . Population: 499,800 (2005 estimate).

Durham
Durham

A city in the north-central part of North Carolina, USA. It is located in the eastern Piedmont region, about 30 km northwest of the state capital, Raleigh. Founded in the mid-19th century, it is one of the newest cities in the state. It developed through the tobacco industry, and currently produces about one-fifth of the cigarettes in the country. Textile industries such as cotton weaving and hosiery processing, as well as wood, machinery, and electrical appliance manufacturing industries are also well developed. The status of blacks is high, and they have entered many companies. There are many universities and research institutes, including the famous Duke University. It is a key point on the railroad connecting Greensboro and Raleigh. Together with Raleigh and Chapel Hill, it forms the Research Triangle, and in recent years has become a technopolis where various high-tech industries are located. Population: 228,330 (2010).

Durham
Durham

Durham is the administrative capital of the city of Durham in the northeast of England. It is located about 20km south of Newcastle upon Tyne, facing the River Wear. It developed due to the fame of the 7th century saint Bishop Cuthbert and its strategic location between Scotland and England, and prospered as a religious, educational and administrative centre. It is a cultural and administrative centre, and although it does not have any large-scale industries, it is famous for organ and carpet manufacturing. There are many historical sites and old buildings, such as Durham Cathedral, St. Margaret's Cathedral, St. Oswald's Cathedral, and the city walls surrounding the town. It is home to Durham University, founded in 1832. In 1986, Durham Castle and Cathedral were registered as cultural heritage sites of the World Heritage Sites. The population of the metropolitan area is 42,939 (2001).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イギリス，イングランド北東部の単一自治体（ユニタリー unitary authority）。行政府所在地ダラム。1974年の自治体再編により，それまでのダラム県の一部がタイン・ウィア地域とクリーブランド県に分離され，ヨークシャー県の一部が編入された。1997年にダーリントンが分離し，2009年に県から単一自治体に移行した。北海に面し，ウィア川河谷を挟んで西のペナイン山脈，東の東ダラム台地からなり，南部にはティーズ川沿岸低地が広がる。ローマ時代は対スコットランドの前哨地であり，のちにノーサンブリア王国に編入。中世には外敵の侵入と反乱が続き，不安定で，経済的な重要性をもたなかったが，19世紀には炭田開発に伴ってイギリスの工業地帯の一つとして発展し始めた。1825年ダーリントンに世界最初の旅客鉄道が開通し，鉄鋼や造船など重工業が発達したが，石炭産業の斜陽化に伴い，第2次世界大戦後，北東開発地域に指定され，軽工業への転換が進められた。炭鉱労働者を収容するため，エイクリッフとピーターリーの二つのニュータウンが建設された。農業は西部の高地では牧羊，東部では混合農業が中心で，乳製品の製造も盛ん。ダラム市は教育の中心地で，名門大学がある。面積 2226km²。人口 49万9800（2005推計）。

ダラム
Durham

アメリカ合衆国，ノースカロライナ州中北部の都市。州都ローリーの北西約 30km，ピードモント地方東部にある。 19世紀中頃建設され，州で最も新しい都市の一つ。たばこ産業で発展し，現在国内の巻たばこの約5分の1を生産。綿織物，メリヤス加工などの繊維工業や木材，機械，電気器具の製造工業も発達。黒人の地位が高く，多くの企業に進出している。有名なデューク大学をはじめ，多くの大学や研究所がある。グリーンズバラとローリーを結ぶ鉄道の要所。ローリー，チャペルヒルとともにリサーチトライアングル地区を形成し，近年テクノポリスとして各種ハイテク産業が立地している。人口 22万8330（2010）。

ダラム
Durham

イギリス，イングランド北東部，ダラムの行政府所在地。ニューカッスルアポンタインの南約 20kmにあり，ウィア川に臨む。7世紀の聖人カスバート司教の名声と，スコットランドとイングランド間の戦略拠点にあったことから発展し，宗教，教育，行政の中心地として繁栄した。文化，行政の中心地で，大規模な工業はないが，オルガンと絨毯の製造で有名。ダラム大聖堂や，聖マーガレット聖堂，聖オズワルド聖堂，町を囲む城壁など，史跡や古い建築物が多い。1832年創立のダラム大学がある。1986年ダラム城と大聖堂が世界遺産の文化遺産に登録された。都市圏人口 4万2939（2001）。

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