Tartary - Datttan

Originally a Mongolian tribe that was a nomadic tribe on the Eastern Mongolian Plateau. A transliteration of Tatar. They first appeared in Turkic inscriptions from the mid-8th century as "Thirty Surnames of Tatars." They were mainly in the Hulunbuir region of Inner Mongolia, but later extended their influence to the Yinshan region and came under the control of the Khitan. During the Jin dynasty, Mongolia, which was subordinate to Tartar, gradually rose to power and was finally conquered by Genghis Khan. During the Song dynasty, the Turkic tribe Ongut in the northern border of Yinshan was called White Tartar, and the Mongols to the north of that, on the Mongolian Plateau, were called Black Tartar. During the Ming dynasty, the descendants of the Yuan dynasty who fled to the north were called Tartars, but they called themselves Northern Yuan. The Northern Yuan Dynasty was once oppressed by the Oirats of northwestern Mongolia, but Dayan Khan pacified Inner Mongolia in the early 16th century, and his descendants extended throughout the Mongolian Plateau.

In addition, Europeans considered the Mongol army to have come from the hell of Tartarus due to the cruelty of the Mongolian army in the 13th century, and because there were Tatars among the Mongol army, they called the Mongols and the Turkic tribes under their rule Tartars or Tatars. As a result, even today, when the Mongolian element has completely disappeared, the northern Turkic peoples are administratively referred to as Tatars in Russia. During the Soviet era, it was the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992, it became a republic (Republic of Tatarstan) within the Russian Federation.

[Masao Mamoru]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

元来、東モンゴル高原に遊牧したモンゴル系の一部族。タタールの音訳。8世紀中ごろの突厥(とっけつ)碑文に「三十姓タタール」として表れるのが最初で、主として内モンゴルのフルンボイル地方にいたが、のち陰山地方に勢力を伸ばし、契丹(きったん)の支配下に入った。金代に、韃靼に服属していたモンゴルがしだいに台頭し、ついにチンギス・ハンに征服された。宋(そう)代では、その北辺、陰山方面のトルコ系部族オングートを白韃靼、その北方、モンゴル高原のモンゴルを黒韃靼と称した。明(みん)代では、北方に逃れた元朝の子孫を韃靼とよんだが、彼らは北元(ほくげん)と自称した。北元は、一時西北モンゴルのオイラート（瓦剌(わら)）に圧迫されたが、ダヤン・ハンが16世紀初頭に内モンゴルを平定し、その子孫がモンゴル高原全土に発展した。

　なお、ヨーロッパ人は、13世紀のモンゴル西征軍の残虐さから、モンゴル軍を地獄タルタルスからきたものとみなすとともに、モンゴル軍のなかにタタール（韃靼）がいたため、モンゴルおよびその支配下のトルコ系諸族をタルタル、タタールとよんだ。これを受けて、モンゴル的要素がまったく消滅した今日でも、ロシアでは、北方トルコ系住民を行政上タタールと称している。ソ連時代は、タタール自治ソビエト社会主義共和国であったが、ソ連崩壊後の1992年ロシア連邦内の共和国（タタールスタン共和国）となった。

［護　雅夫］

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