A disease in which the roots and soil edge of crops are invaded by pathogenic fungi, preventing the supply of nutrients and water to the above-ground parts, causing the leaves to turn yellow and wilt, leading to the plant dying off. Diseases that occur at the seedling stage are specifically called damping-off disease. Many crops are affected, and there are many types of pathogens, but all of them live in the soil, making it a soil-borne disease. Representative wilt diseases include the following: (1) Tobacco wilt occurs in tobacco just before harvest, causing the leaves to turn brown and wither, making it impossible to harvest and causing great damage. The causative agent is a type of bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum . This bacterium also attacks many crops, including tomatoes and eggplants, but all crops other than tobacco are called bacterial wilt. (2) Wheat and barley wilt disease causes the plants to wither and ripen, and no grain is produced. The soil edge of the affected plants turns black-brown. The causative agent is the ascomycete fungus, Gaeumanomyces graminis . (3) Soybean, pea, broad bean, carnation, cockscomb, and other plants wilt due to the infestation of Fusarium oxysporum and two or three other fungi of the genus Fusarium. (4) Damping-off of sesame, mitsuba, and ginseng is caused by a mold called Rhizoctonia solani . This fungus also attacks many other crops, but it is particularly known as seedling damping-off of tomatoes, eggplants, cucumbers, and other crops, as it often attacks them when they are still seedlings. (5) Damping-off of asters and spinach is caused by a lower-class mold called Pythium, which is a flagellate fungus. Generally, damping-off is difficult to control because it is a soil-borne disease, but it is best to avoid growing the same crop continuously. [Toshihiro Kajiwara] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
作物の根や地際(じぎわ)部が病原菌に侵され、地上部に養分や水分が供給できなくなり、葉が黄化、萎凋(いちょう)して立ち枯れになる病気。苗(なえ)の時代に発生するものは、とくに苗立枯病と称して区別している。多くの作物に発生し、病原の種類も多いが、病原はいずれも土壌中に生息しており、土壌伝染性の病気である。 代表的な立枯病には次のようなものがある。(1)タバコ立枯病は、収穫直前のタバコに発生し、葉が褐色になって枯れ、収穫できなくなり、被害が大きい。病原は細菌の一種で、ラルストニア・ソラナセアルムRalstonia solanacearumである。なお、この菌はトマト、ナスなど多くの作物を侵すが、タバコ以外はいずれも青枯病とよばれている。(2)コムギ、オオムギの立枯病は枯れ熟れになり、実が入らない。被害株の地際部は黒褐色になる。子嚢(しのう)菌(カビの一種)のゴイマノミセス・グラミニスGaeumanomyces graminisが病原菌である。(3)ダイズ、エンドウ、ソラマメ、カーネーション、ケイトウなどの立枯病は、フザリウム・オキシスポルムFusarium oxysporumのほか、2、3のフザリウム属のカビの寄生によっておこる。(4)ゴマ、ミツバ、チョウセンニンジンの立枯病は、リゾクトニア・ソラニRhizoctonia solaniというカビが病原である。この菌は、このほか多くの作物を侵すが、トマト、ナス、キュウリなどでは、苗のときによく侵されるので、とくに苗立枯病といわれる。(5)アスター、ホウレンソウの立枯病は鞭毛(べんもう)菌類という下等なカビであるピシウムPythium属が病原である。一般に立枯病は土壌病害であるため防除が困難であるが、同じ作物を続けて栽培しないように心がける。 [梶原敏宏] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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