Polytheism - Polytheism

Japanese: 多神教 - たしんきょう(英語表記)polytheism
Polytheism - Polytheism

When classifying religions according to the number of objects of worship, there are religious forms in which multiple gods are simultaneously worshipped. This is called polytheism. Examples of this include Japanese Shinto, the religions of India, the ancient Orient, and ancient Greece and Rome. In tribal and so-called primitive societies, there is a strong tendency for multi-spirit beliefs in which various spiritual powers, spirits, animal gods, and ancestral spirits are worshipped, but polytheism often preserves this multi-spirit belief at its base. Polytheism is established when these spiritual beings become objects of worship as personal beings with their own individuality.

Historically, as political and economic exchanges between tribes and early city-states, each with its own patron deity, flourished, it was not rare for the gods of other tribes or cities to be adopted and multiple gods worshipped at the same time. Or, when the chief of a powerful tribe conquered and unified neighboring tribes, a new political order (such as a monarchy) emerged, and the world of gods was reorganized accordingly. Then, depending on social and natural factors such as the nature and scope of the kingship, the organization of the priest class, and the degree of differentiation of each social stratum, the scope of the gods' functional division and differences were determined, and a pantheon was formed, and the myths and ritual system associated with it were also developed. The pantheon, which is unique to polytheism, was formed by hierarchically integrating the gods who shared the functional division of natural and cultural phenomena under the chief deity. The structure and order of that society are somehow projected there.

Furthermore, there are many examples of trios consisting of three major gods among many gods. Examples include Osiris, Isis, and Horus (father, mother, and child) in Egypt, and Anu, Enlil, and Ea (heaven, sky, and earth) in ancient Babylonia. Furthermore, there is also the opinion that the Indo-European language people originally had a three-function god system of rituals, military affairs, and fertility, and some scholars believe that this three-function god system is also reflected in the three Japanese gods Amaterasu Omikami, Susanoo no Mikoto, and Okuninushi no Mikoto.

In a polytheistic world, there are cases where one god is worshipped intensively. This is called henotheism, and when this god changes from time to time, it is called kathenotheism. However, polytheism does not necessarily evolve linearly into monotheism. The formation of monotheism can be considered to have been the result of various processes, such as origins, revelation, religious struggles, and theological reflection.

[Tsukimoto Akio]

"Hideo Kishimoto, ed., Religions of the World (1965, Daimeido)""Introduction to the Phenomenology of Religion, by G. van der Leeuw, translated by Tokuyoshi Tamaru and Miyoko Otake (1979, University of Tokyo Press)"

[Reference] | Monotheism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

宗教を崇拝対象の数によって分類するとき、複数の神々を同時に崇拝対象としている宗教形態がある。これを多神教とよぶ。日本の神道、インド、古代オリエント、古代ギリシア・ローマの宗教などがこれにあたる。部族社会やいわゆる未開社会では、諸霊力、精霊、獣神、祖霊などが崇(あが)められる多霊信仰の傾向が強いが、多神教はこの多霊信仰を底辺に温存していることが少なくない。これらの霊的存在がおのおの個性を備えた人格的存在として崇拝の対象になるとき、多神教が成立する。

 歴史的にみると、おのおの守護神をいただく部族や、初期都市国家の間に、政治的、経済的交渉が盛んになるにつれて、元来他の部族や都市の神であったものが受容され、複数の神々が同時に崇拝される場合が少なくない。あるいは一有力部族の長が近隣諸部族を征服、統合することによって、新たな政治的秩序社会(王制など)が登場し、それに伴って神々の世界も再編成されることがある。そして王権の性格と範囲、祭司階級の組織化や社会各層の分化の度合いなどの社会的要因および自然の要因によって、神々の機能分担の範囲、格差が定められてパンテオンpantheon(万神廟)が成立し、それにまつわる神話、儀礼体系も整備される。多神教に特有なパンテオンは、こうして主神の下に自然・文化諸現象を機能的に分担する神々が階層的に統合されることによって成立するのである。そこにはその社会の構造や秩序がなんらかに投影されている。

 なお、多くの神々のなかでとくに主要三神がトリオを形成する例が少なくない。エジプトのオシリス、イシス、ホルス(父、母、子)、古代バビロニアのアヌ、エンリル、エア(天、空、地)などがそうである。さらに印欧語族には元来、祭祀(さいし)、軍事、豊饒(ほうじょう)の三機能神体系があったという意見もあり、この三機能神体系が日本の天照大神(あまてらすおおみかみ)、素戔嗚尊(すさのおのみこと)、大国主命(おおくにぬしのみこと)の三神にも反映していると考える学者もいる。

 多神教的世界を背景としながら、そのうちの一神が集中的に崇拝される場合があり、これを単一神教henotheismとよび、この一神が随時交替する場合は交替一神教kathenotheismとよぶ。しかし多神教からかならずしも直線的に一神教monotheismに進化するわけではない。一神教の成立には、それなりの根源と啓示、宗教闘争、神学的反省といった種々の過程が考えられる。

[月本昭男]

『岸本英夫編『世界の宗教』(1965・大明堂)』『G・ファン・デル・レーウ著、田丸徳善・大竹みよ子訳『宗教現象学入門』(1979・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 一神教

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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