Refers to the law of continental Europe, such as France and Germany, as opposed to common law. In the UK, efforts have been made to codify the law in recent years, but it is essentially the accumulation of judgments over a long period of time that has legal force (case law system). In contrast, in continental Europe, legal scholars organized legal concepts and systematized the law based on Justinian law, and created codes on that basis. Therefore, continental law has been applied through the interpretation of codes (statutory law system). France, which centralized power early on, achieved unification of law at an early stage, and in 1804 the French Civil Code was enacted, which was later adopted by Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, and other countries. In contrast to this, in Germany, where central authority was weak and local autonomy was high, unification of law had to rely on scholarship (Pandegtent jurisprudence), and finally, at the end of the 19th century, a civil code applicable throughout Germany was compiled, which was later adopted by Hungary, the former Yugoslavia, the former Czechoslovakia, Poland, etc. In 1907, the Swiss Civil Code was created. Japan's civil code was influenced by the French civil code, but it also inherited the German civil code (first draft). Many other codes, such as the Code of Civil Procedure and the Commercial Code, enacted during the Meiji period were also influenced by German law. After World War II, Japan came to be heavily influenced by Anglo-American law, especially American law. Incidentally, Japan's Antimonopoly Act was modeled on American antitrust law. Furthermore, if codification progresses in Anglo-American law countries, it is expected that the practical benefits of opposing concepts such as continental law and Anglo-American law will be lost in the future. [Atsushi Sato] Lawson, translated by Kensuke Kobori et al., Anglo-American Law and European Continental Law (1971, Japan Institute of Comparative Law) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
英米法に対し、フランスやドイツなどヨーロッパ大陸の法をいう。イギリスでは、近年法典化の努力がなされてはいるが、基本的には長い間の判決の集積が法的拘束力をもつ(判例法主義)。これに対して、ヨーロッパ大陸では、法学者がユスティニアヌス法を基礎に、法概念を整理し、法の体系化を行い、それに基づいて法典がつくられた。したがって、大陸法は、法典の解釈を通じてその運用がなされてきた(制定法主義)。中央集権が早くから行われたフランスでは、早くに法の統一が成し遂げられ、1804年にはフランス民法典が制定され、これがイタリア、スペイン、オランダ、ベルギー、ポルトガルなどの諸国へ継受された。これに反して中央権力が弱く地方分権的だったドイツでは、法の統一は学問(パンデクテン法学)に頼らざるをえず、ようやく19世紀末に全ドイツに適用される民法典が編纂(へんさん)され、これらの法典はハンガリー、旧ユーゴスラビア、旧チェコスロバキア、ポーランドなどに継受された。また1907年にはスイス民法典がつくられた。 日本の民法典は、フランス民法の影響もあるが、ドイツ民法(第一草案)を継受したものである。その他、明治時代に制定された民事訴訟法、商法などの法典はドイツ法の影響を受けたものが多い。第二次世界大戦後は、英米法、とくにアメリカ法の影響を強く受けるに至った。ちなみに日本の独占禁止法はアメリカの反トラスト法を参考にしたものである。なお、英米法諸国において法典化が進めば、大陸法と英米法といった対立概念の実益が将来失われることも予想される。 [佐藤篤士] 『ローソン著、小堀憲助他訳『英米法とヨーロッパ大陸法』(1971・日本比較法研究所)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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