For the body - Sun

A concept in Chinese philosophy. An abbreviation of 'Tankou' and 'Kajo'. It means 'essence and its phenomenon.' The idea of ​​finding the origin and essence of a phenomenon deep within it originates from Laozi and Zhuangzi thought. This idea was expressed as 'Shi' and 'Li' after the influx of Buddhism, and was particularly discussed in depth in Huayan philosophy. The theory of 'Tankou' and 'Kajo' became a major issue in the history of Chinese thought in modern philosophy after the Song dynasty. The essence of existence is called 'Tankou' (e.g. 'Xing'), and its manifestation is called 'Kajo' (e.g. 'Emotion'). This was combined with the theory of time of 'Unmanifested' and 'Hassen', and the discussion of the relationship between existence and time became a major issue in practical theory. The theory of 'Tankou' and 'Kajo' in Neo-Confucianism and Yangmingism is representative. Neo-Confucianism considers the possibility of paradoxical existence, and distinguishes between 'Tankou' and 'Kajo', and teaches that one should first cultivate the 'Tankou', which is unmanifested, in order to control the 'Kajo', which is already manifested. Yangming's school of thought believed in the self-power of beings and saw the two as inseparable, and advocated the theory of unity. Based on these two theories, various theories of body and function were put forward, which are a valuable legacy of Chinese philosophy and have had an enormous influence on later generations.

[Kouhei Tanaka]

"Buddhism and Confucianism" by Kengo Araki (1963, Heirakuji Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国哲学上の概念。本体と作用の略称。本質とその現象の意。現象の内奥にその根源者・本質をみようとする考え方はもと老荘思想にある。その考え方は、仏教が流入して「事」と「理」と表現され、とくに華厳(けごん)哲学において論議が深められた。体・用論が中国思想史上、主要な課題となったのは、宋(そう)代以後の近世哲学においてである。存在の本質を「本体」（たとえば性）といい、その発現を作用（たとえば情）という。これが「未発」「已発(いはつ)」の時間論と結合して、存在と時間の関係をめぐる論議が実践論の主要課題となった。朱子学と陽明学の体用論が代表的である。朱子学では実存者の背理可能性を考察して、本体と作用、未発と已発を分けて、まず未発の本体を涵養(かんよう)して已発の作用を制御することを説いた。陽明学では実存者の自力能力を確信して両者を分割不可能とみて渾一(こんいつ)論を説いた。この両論を軸にさまざまな体用論が提起されたが、これは中国哲学の貴重な遺産であり、後に与えた影響はきわめて大きい。

［田公平］

『荒木見悟著『仏教と儒教』（1963・平楽寺書店）』

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