Three Major Crimes - Daibon Sankajo

The official authority of the Shugo during the Kamakura period. It refers to three things: the pursuit (arrest) of those guilty of the two major crimes of treason and murder, and the oban hosyo, leading the Gokenin within the jurisdiction and serving as the Kyoto Oban. The former refers to police power within the jurisdiction, and the latter refers to military command power within the jurisdiction. The Goseibai Shikimoku adds the right to pursue night attacks, robbery, bandits, and pirates to the former. The three major crimes are said to have been established during the time of Minamoto no Yoritomo, but in reality there were differences depending on the region and the origin of the Shugo, and the relationship with the Honjo and Jito, who had the right not to enter the Shugo, was complicated. In the case of powerful Gokenin, the oban also served directly without coming under the command of the Shugo. Furthermore, the powers of the Shugo tended to expand, and under the Muromachi Shogunate, the powers of Shitaji Jungyo (forced execution of judgments) and Kesho (disposal of illegal places) were added, which marked the turning of the Shugo into daimyo. In the 16th century, the meaning of the word evolved to mean arson, murder, and theft (Nippo-Portuguese dictionary).

[Tokuhiko Ushita]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

鎌倉時代の守護の職務権限。謀反、殺害(せつがい)の二大重罪犯人の追捕(ついぶ)（逮捕）と、管国内御家人(ごけにん)を率いて京都大番(おおばん)役を勤める大番催促の三つをいう。前者は管国内警察権、後者は管国内軍事指揮権を意味する。御成敗式目(ごせいばいしきもく)では前者に夜討・強盗・山賊・海賊の追捕権を付加する。大犯三箇条は源頼朝(よりとも)時代に定められたというが、実際には地域や守護の出自によって差があり、守護不入権をもつ本所(ほんじょ)や地頭(じとう)との関係など複雑である。大番も有力御家人の場合は守護の指揮下に入らず直接勤仕(ごんじ)している。なお守護の権限は拡大される傾向にあり、室町幕府では下地遵行(したじじゅんぎょう)（判決の強制執行）、闕所(けっしょ)処分などが付加され、守護の大名化の契機をなした。16世紀には放火・殺人・盗犯（日葡(にっぽ)辞書）の意に転化している。

［羽下徳彦］

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