Metonic cycle

Japanese: メトン周期 - めとんしゅうき
Metonic cycle

A calendar cycle discovered in 433 BC by the ancient Greek astronomer Meton. The relationship between the lunar month and the solar year is 29.53059 days x 235 = 6939.69 days 365.24220 days x 19 = 6939.60 days, so the number of days in both is almost the same. In other words, 235 calendar months is equal to 19 calendar years, and if the total number of days is 6940 days, then
235 months = 12 months x 12 + 13 months x 7
= 29 days x 110 + 30 days x 125 = 6940 days, so if we add 12 12-month years and 7 13-month years to a 19 solar year in the lunisolar calendar, the lunar lunation and seasons will return to normal. Since seven leap months are inserted in 19 years, the calendar is called the 19-year, seven leap month system, which is called the Metonic cycle. In China, this is called Zhang, and the 19-year, seven leap month system is called the Zhang system. The 235 calendar months of the Zhang system include 110 small months with 29 days and 125 large months with 30 days.

[Toshio Watanabe]

[Reference] | Intercalary Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ギリシアの天文学者メトンによって紀元前433年に発見された暦学上の周期。朔望(さくぼう)月と太陽年の間には
  29.53059日×235=6939.69日
  365.24220日×19=6939.60日
という関係があり、両者の日数はほぼ同じである。つまり235暦月は19暦年に等しく、その総日数を6940日とすると、
235月=12月×12+13月×7
=29日×110+30日×125=6940日
であるから、太陰太陽暦法で19太陽年に12か月の年を12回と、13か月の年を7回置けば、月の朔望と季節は元に戻る。19年に7回の閏月(うるうづき)を挿入するところから暦法では十九年七閏法(じゅうきゅうねんしちじゅんほう)と称し、これをメトン周期という。中国ではこれを章と称し、十九年七閏法を章法という。章法の235暦月は29日の小月110回と、30日の大月125回を含むものである。

[渡辺敏夫]

[参照項目] | 置閏法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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