In a broad sense, it refers to a form of government with a president as head of state. In a narrow sense, it refers to the American form of government with a strict separation of powers. In some countries, such as the United States, France after the Fifth Republic, Germany during the Weimar Republic, Indonesia, and South Korea (Republic of Korea), the president has strong powers, while in other countries, such as France under the Third and Fourth Republics, Germany, and India, the president has weak powers. [Hiroshi Tanaka] American PresidencyIn the United States, the separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is extremely strict, but this political system was adopted due to historical circumstances in which the British parliament and government oppressed the colonies during the War of Independence. In other words, in Britain, there is a strong trust in parliament because it overthrew an absolute monarch, but in the United States, there is a strong distrust that any political institution can become tyrannical, and for this reason, the United States did not adopt a parliamentary cabinet system that clearly separates the powers of the legislative and executive branches and combines the two branches to run the government as in the United Kingdom. In addition, the United States adopted a system of judicial supremacy, giving the judicial branch the power to review unconstitutional legislation and check the actions of the legislative and executive branches. This way of thinking is thought to have been learned from the separation of powers theories of Harrington and Locke, and Montesquieu's separation of powers theory. The president is elected once every four years by the people in a way that is different from the way the members of both houses of parliament are elected (first, presidential electors are selected for each state, who then elect the president), and the president appoints the secretaries of each ministry (ministers) from among non-members of parliament. In this respect, unlike the UK, the president is accountable to the people, not to parliament. Therefore, the president and the cabinet do not have the right to submit bills to parliament, and can only recommend to parliament the enactment of laws necessary for the implementation of their policies in the form of a "message." They also do not have the power to convene or dissolve parliament. If a bill that differs from the president's view is passed by parliament, the president can veto it, but if the bill is re-voted on by more than two-thirds of the parliament, the bill becomes law. On the other hand, parliament does not have the right to a vote of no confidence, and if the president is found to be corrupt or unreasonable, he can be impeached and removed from office by a majority of more than two-thirds of both houses of parliament, but there has never been a case of a president resigning due to impeachment. The American president wields great powers due to his position as head of state, head of the executive branch, and commander in chief of the Army, Navy, and Air Force; however, the strict separation of powers makes it difficult for him to rule in an autocratic manner. Countries such as France and Germany can be said to be a hybrid of the American presidential system and the British parliamentary system. [Hiroshi Tanaka] Problems with the presidential systemThere is debate about the pros and cons of a parliamentary cabinet system and a presidential system, but some say that a parliamentary cabinet system allows for flexible politics because of the dissolution system, while a presidential system is dangerous because if a person with rigid views or who is unfamiliar with international affairs is elected president, he or she cannot be changed for four to eight years. On the other hand, there is also a theory that a presidential system has the advantage that the president can implement bold and powerful policies for four to eight years without being bothered by party factions. In any case, if the people do not fully understand the spirit of democracy, if a democratic political system is not established, and if democratic political management is not carried out, there is a risk of a presidential dictatorship like that of the Weimar Republic. [Hiroshi Tanaka] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広義には、大統領を元首とする統治形態をいう。狭義には、厳格な三権分立制をとるアメリカの統治形態をいう。アメリカ、第五共和政後のフランス、ワイマール共和国時代のドイツ、インドネシア、韓国(大韓民国)などの大統領のように、その権限の強い国もあれば、第三・第四共和政下のフランス、ドイツ、インドなどのように大統領の権限の弱い国もある。 [田中 浩] アメリカの大統領制アメリカにおいては、立法部・行政部・司法部の間の権力分立がきわめて厳格であるが、このような政治制度を採用したのは、独立戦争時に本国議会や政府が植民地に圧迫を加えたという歴史的事情による。すなわち、イギリスでは、絶対君主を打倒したという意味で議会に対する信頼感が強いが、アメリカでは、いかなる政治機関も専制化しうるという不信感が強く、このため、立法部と行政部の権限を明確に分離し、イギリスのような両権を融合させて政治運営を行う議院内閣制を採用しなかった。また司法部に、違憲立法審査権を与えて、立法・行政部の行動をチェックさせるという、いわゆる司法部優越の制度を採用している。こうした考え方は、ハリントンやロックの権力分立論、モンテスキューの三権分立論から学んだものと思われる。 大統領は4年に一度、上下両院の国会議員とは異なる方法によって国民から選ばれ(まず大統領選挙人を州ごとに選び、彼らが大統領を選出する)、大統領は、国会議員以外から各省長官(大臣)を選任する。この点でイギリスの場合とは異なり、大統領は議会に対してではなく国民に対して責任を負うとされる。したがって、大統領と内閣は、議会に対して法案提出権はなく、「教書(メッセージ)」の形で自己の政策遂行に必要な法律の制定を議会に勧告できるにとどまる。議会の招集・解散権ももたない。もしも、大統領の見解と異なる法案が議会を通過した場合には、大統領は拒否権を発動できるが、議会において3分の2以上の多数で再議決すれば、その法案は法律となる。他方、議会の側は、不信任決議権をもたず、大統領の不正・不道理な政治に対しては、上下両院それぞれの3分の2以上の多数によって弾劾し罷免させることができるが、弾劾によって辞任した例はない。アメリカ大統領は、元首、行政部の首長、陸海空軍の最高司令長官などの地位によって強大な権限をもっているが、厳格な三権分立制を採用していることによって、独裁的な政治を行うことは困難である。 フランス、ドイツなどは、アメリカ型の大統領制とイギリス型の議院内閣制の混合形態といえよう。 [田中 浩] 大統領制の問題点議院内閣制と大統領制の利害得失については論議のあるところだが、議院内閣制においては解散制度があるので柔軟な政治が可能である、それに対して大統領制では、もしも、硬直した考えの持ち主や国際情勢に疎い人物が大統領に選出されると、4年ないし8年の間、変更できないので危険であるとする考え方がある。他方では、大統領制においては、4年ないし8年、大統領は政党の派閥などに煩わされることなく、思いきった強力な政策を実行できる長所がある、という説もある。いずれにせよ、国民が民主主義の精神を十分に理解せず、また民主主義的な政治制度が確立されず、民主主義的な政治運営がなされないならば、ワイマール共和国時代のような大統領の独裁政治を招く危険性がある。 [田中 浩] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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