Space communications

Japanese: 宇宙通信 - うちゅうつうしん(英語表記)space communications
Space communications

Wireless communication via space. With the advent of artificial satellites, the field of space communication via space has opened up. This can be broadly categorized into three types: (1) communication between space (called a space station) and the ground (called an earth station); (2) mutual communication between space stations; and (3) communication between two stations on Earth using a space station as a relay point.

The transmission of guidance and control commands from the ground when launching a rocket, various communications from artificial satellites, and photo transmissions fall into category (1), while communication between artificial satellites falls into category (2). Space stations, which fall into category (3), are generally called communication satellites, and are continuing to develop remarkably. Microwaves of gigahertz or higher are generally used for space communications, as they are highly directional and can reach long distances with low power. Because of their high frequency, communication lines have been expanded and they are also useful for television broadcasting. However, since the output of radio waves emitted from space stations is inevitably small, highly sensitive antennas are required to receive them, and technology to distinguish signal sounds from noise must be improved. In addition to radio waves, research into the use of lasers is also progressing, and their future potential is promising.

The orbit of communication satellites is overwhelmingly geostationary (on the equator at an altitude of about 36,000 km), but the number of satellites is limited due to the spacing of each satellite on the geostationary orbit and the problem of mutual interference with the frequencies used. For this reason, research and development of Quasi-Zenith satellites began around 2000. Quasi-Zenith satellites are launched not on the equator with an inclination of 0 degrees, but on an elongated elliptical orbit with an inclination of several tens of degrees, and they move alternately in an orbit that draws a figure of eight, performing the same functions as geostationary satellites. The first of these, Michibiki, was launched in September 2010 by the H-IIA rocket No. 18. The aim is to improve the accuracy of the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is widely used in car navigation devices and other devices. By using Quasi-Zenith satellites above Japan, radio waves can reach places that were previously unreachable by geostationary satellites, such as between buildings and behind mountains, and there are high expectations for their future applications.

[Ichiro Shinra/Akira Kubozono]

"Information and Communications Networks Supporting Manned Space Activities - Toward the Construction of a Space Infrastructure," edited by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications' Communications Policy Bureau (1991, Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun)" ▽ "Space Communications Policy Council, edited by Space Telecom 21 - Report of the Space Communications Policy Council" (1991, Gyosei)"Space Communications and Satellite Broadcasting," by Tadashi Takano, Akira Ogawa, Koichi Sakaba, Hideo Kobayashi, Noboru Toyama, et al. (2001, Corona Publishing)"

[Reference] | Communication satellite

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

宇宙を経由して行う無線通信。人工衛星が実現するとともに、宇宙を経由して行う宇宙通信という通信の分野が大きく開けてきた。これは大別して次の三つに分類される。(1)宇宙(宇宙局という)と地上(地球局という)との間の通信。(2)宇宙局と宇宙局との間の相互通信。(3)宇宙局を中継点とした地球上の2局間の通信。

 ロケットを打ち上げるときの地上からの誘導制御指令送信、人工衛星からの各種の通信や写真電送などは(1)の分類に入るし、人工衛星どうしの連絡などは(2)に入る。(3)に入る宇宙局は一般に通信衛星とよばれ、目覚ましい発達を続けている。宇宙通信には、指向性が強く、小電力でも遠距離に到達できるように、一般にギガヘルツ以上のマイクロ波が用いられる。周波数が高いために、通信回線が増大され、またテレビの中継にも役だつ。なお、宇宙局から出る電波の出力はどうしても小さくなるため、受信するのに感度の高いアンテナが必要であると同時に、信号音を雑音から区別する技術を向上させなければならない。電波のほかに、レーザーを使う研究も進んでおり、その将来性が期待される。

 なお通信衛星の軌道は、いわゆる静止軌道(高度約3万6000キロメートルの赤道上)が圧倒的に多く用いられているが、静止軌道上の各衛星の間隔や使用周波数との相互干渉の問題などによって衛星の数が制限されている。このため軌道傾斜角0度の赤道上ではなく、傾斜角数十度の長楕円(ちょうだえん)軌道上に複数の衛星を打ち上げて、いわゆる8の字を描く軌道を交替に移動して、静止衛星と同様の機能を果たす準天頂衛星Quasi-zenith satelliteの研究開発が2000年ごろより開始され、その第1号「みちびき」は2010年(平成22)9月に、H-ⅡAロケット18号機で打ち上げられた。カーナビゲーション装置などで幅広く利用されている全地球測位システム(GPS)の精度向上が狙いである。日本上空の準天頂衛星を利用することにより、ビルの谷間や山の陰など従来の静止衛星では到達不可能であった所にも電波が届くようになり、その応用が今後大いに期待されている。

[新羅一郎・久保園晃]

『郵政省通信政策局編『有人宇宙活動を支える情報通信ネットワーク――宇宙インフラストラクチャの構築に向けて』(1991・日刊工業新聞社)』『宇宙通信政策懇談会編『スペーステレコム21――宇宙通信政策懇談会報告書』(1991・ぎょうせい)』『高野忠・小川明・坂庭好一・小林英雄・外山昇他著『宇宙通信および衛星放送』(2001・コロナ社)』

[参照項目] | 通信衛星

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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