Quantum solid - Ryoushikotai (English spelling) quantum solid

Japanese: 量子固体 - りょうしこたい(英語表記)quantum solid
Quantum solid - Ryoushikotai (English spelling) quantum solid
A solid in which the effect of quantum mechanical zero-point energy cannot be ignored compared to the interatomic bonding force. Solid helium is one example. Helium-4 and helium-3 are quantum liquids that remain liquid up to absolute zero under saturated vapor pressure, but at extremely low temperatures, they solidify when pressurized to 25 atmospheres for helium-4 and 30 atmospheres for helium-3. Solid helium has a large zero-point energy due to its small atomic weight, and is a rare gas with a small polarizability, so the van der Waals forces that provide interatomic bonding are small, resulting in large quantum effects and unique properties. For example, even at extremely low temperatures, atoms are not localized at lattice points but are in a state of exchanging positions with each other. As a result, the nuclear spin system of solid helium-3 is aligned at a temperature of about 1 mK due to the large exchange interaction. In addition, a phenomenological model has been proposed in which high-density nuclear matter at the center of a neutron star is solidified into a quantum solid by nuclear forces.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
原子間結合力に比べて,量子力学的零点エネルギーの効果が無視できない固体。固体ヘリウムはその一例である。ヘリウム4,ヘリウム3は飽和蒸気圧下では絶対零度まで液体の状態にある量子液体であるが,極低温でヘリウム4は 25気圧,ヘリウム3は 30気圧以上に加圧すると固化する。固体ヘリウムは,原子量が小さいため零点エネルギーが大きく,一方希ガスであって分極率が小さいため,原子間結合を与えるファン・デル・ワールス力が小さいので,量子効果が大きく,特異な性質を示す。たとえば,極低温でも原子が格子点に局在せず互いに位置を交換している状態にある。その結果,大きな交換相互作用で固体ヘリウム3の核スピン系は約 1mKの温度で核整列する。また,中性子星の中心部では,高密度の核物質が核力によって固化した量子固体になっているという現象論的モデルが提唱されている。

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