Dice (English spelling)

Japanese: ダイス（英語表記）dice

Small cubic dice and indoor games played with them. The six faces of the dice are marked with dots, each number from 1 to 6, and the sum of the faces on opposite sides always equals 7. The game is played widely around the world, and there are many different types, with complex rules. Usually, five dice and a leather dice cup are used to hold the dice and roll them. Players compete for victory by setting various hands based on the number that comes up, and the total score is used to decide the winner. Typical games include craps, poker dice, and Chicago dice. There are various theories about the origin of dice, but it seems to have started in Egypt around 2000 BC and then spread to other countries. There are descriptions of dice in the works of the Greek historian Herodotus and the Indian holy book, the Rig-Veda, and it is known that dice have been played all over the world since ancient times. In Japan, they are called saikoro or sai (written as 鯰子, 臇, 賽, etc.) and are used in sugoroku and gambling. In ancient times, it was also used for divination, as seen in the Matsuya Bunki, which states, "The dice were cast to tell the fortune of Reizei-in, the Emperor of Kujo Palace...". In board sugoroku, two dice are used, in paper sugoroku, one dice is used, and in gambling, four dice, three dice, two dice, one dice, etc. are used in various ways, such as four dice, one dice, one dice, one dice, etc. The dice are arranged so that they face one heaven and six earth, four south and three north, two west and five east. In Buddhism sugoroku (also known as Jodo sugoroku), the six characters for south, nothing, division, body, various, and Buddha are written on the wooden surface in six directions, and the dice are used by spinning them like a top. The origin of the dice is unclear, but since the term "Parasaku (Parasaku)" appears in the Nirvana Sutra, it is thought to have originated in India.

Dice
Dies, Martin, Jr.

Born November 5, 1901 in Texas and Colorado
[Died] November 14, 1972. Lufkin, Texas. American politician. Graduated from the University of Texas in 1919, and after attending the law school at National University, he became a lawyer. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1931. In 1938, he became the first chairman of the newly established House Un-American Activities Committee (commonly known as the Dice Committee), a position he held until his retirement from politics in 1945. During World War II, the committee's main activities were investigating and cracking down on Nazi groups in the country, but after the war, it actively promoted crackdowns on Communists and their sympathizers (→Red Scare). He returned to politics in 1953 and served in the U.S. House of Representatives until 1959.

Dice
Dyce, William

Born: 19 September 1806, Aberdeen
[Died] February 14, 1864, London British painter and art educator. He spent his childhood in Scotland and studied at the Royal Academy in London. He first became interested in Italian painting and traveled to Italy in 1825. In Rome he was influenced by the German Nazarenes and passed on their artistic ideas to the Pre-Raphaelites. He also had a deep interest in art education, and in 1840 he became the principal of the newly established art school at Somerset House in London, where he taught the next generation of artists.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

小立方体のさいころ，またそれを用いて行う室内ゲーム。ダイスの6面には1～6の数が点で示され，向い合う面の合計は常に7になる。ゲームは世界各国で広く行われており，その種類は多く，遊戯法も複雑である。普通5個のダイスと，ダイスを入れて転がすのに用いる皮製のダイスカップを使い，目の出方によりいろいろな役を設けてその合計点数で勝負を競う。代表的な遊戯法にはクラップス，ポーカーダイス，シカゴダイスなどがある。起源については諸説あるが，前 2000年頃のエジプトに始り，それが各国に広まったらしい。ギリシアの歴史家ヘロドトスの作品やインドの聖典『リグ・ベーダ』などのなかにもダイスに関する記述があり，ダイスが古くから世界各地で行われていたことが知られる。日本ではさいころ，さい (骰子，采，賽などと書く) などといわれ，すごろく，博奕 (ばくち) などに使用する。古くは占いにも用いられ，『松屋筆記』に「さいを投て九条殿冷泉院の御事を占はれし…」などとみえる。盤すごろくでは2個，紙すごろくでは1個，博奕では四ツ采，三ツ采，二ツ采，一ツ采など種々の使用法がある。目は天一・地六，南四・北三，西二・東五と向い合せにしてある。また仏法すごろく (一名浄土すごろく) の采は，南・無・分・身・諸・仏の6字を6方面の木面に書き，こまのように回して用いる。采の起源は明らかではないが，「婆羅塞戯 (はらそくぎ) 」の語が『涅槃経 (ねはんぎょう) 』にあるところから，インドに起ったものと考えられる。

ダイス
Dies, Martin, Jr.

[生]1901.11.5. テキサス，コロラド
[没]1972.11.14. テキサス，ラフキン
アメリカ合衆国の政治家。1919年テキサス大学を卒業，ナショナル大学のロースクールを経て弁護士となった。1931年民主党から連邦下院議員に当選。1938年新設された下院の非米活動委員会（通称ダイス委員会）初代委員長に就任，1945年に政界から退くまでその任を務めた。委員会は，第2次世界大戦中は国内のナチス系グループの調査，取り締まりが活動の中心であったが，戦後は共産主義者，その同調者に対する取り締まり活動を積極的に推進した（→赤狩り）。1953年政界に復帰し，1959年まで連邦下院議員を務めた。

ダイス
Dyce, William

[生]1806.9.19. アバディーン
[没]1864.2.14. ロンドン
イギリスの画家，美術教育家。スコットランドで少年時代を過ごし，ロンドンのロイヤル・アカデミーに学ぶ。初めイタリア絵画に関心をもち，1825年イタリアに赴いた。ローマでドイツのナザレ派の影響を受け，その美術理念をラファエル前派に伝えた。美術教育にも深い関心を寄せ，1840年にロンドンのサマセット・ハウスに新設された美術学校長となり，後進の指導にあたった。

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