A mythological term for beings in mythology who bring about inventions or discoveries that are useful to mankind or are meaningful, and contribute to the establishment of a cultural order in the world. Unlike supreme deities or creator gods, cultural heroes are beings who create specific cultural elements and establish order in the existing world, and they often take the form of animals as well as humans. They may also have the character of the ancestor of a nation. A typical example is Prometheus in Greek mythology. He defied the will of the heavenly gods and deceived them to bring the benefits of fire and grain to humans. However, as a result, his role is ambiguous, as disease and disasters were also introduced. Ambiguity is also a characteristic of the cultural hero himself, who occupies a position between gods and humans, and this means that he has the function of a mediator in the structure of myth. Therefore, cultural heroes often appear as tricksters. In Native American mythology, animals such as coyotes are cultural heroes/tricksters, who help the creator god complete his work, but often play pranks and behave antisocially, destroying order and interfering with creation. While the Prometheus-type myths with the grain theft motif have their background in grain-growing cultures, the Hainuwele-type myths are found primarily among tuber-growing peoples. In these stories, a divine being active at the end of the mythical age is killed and, by bringing useful things to humans such as crops and fire from his corpse, he assumes the character of a culture hero. [Tamura Katsumi] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
神話のなかで、人類に役だつ、あるいは有意義な発明・発見をもたらし、世界の文化的秩序の設定に寄与する存在をよぶ神話学上の用語。文化英雄は、至高神や創造神とは異なり、既存の世界のうえで、特定の文化要素の創造や秩序の設定を行う存在で、人の形だけでなく、動物の姿をとることも多い。民族の始祖としての性格をもつことがある。代表的なものにギリシア神話のプロメテウスがある。彼は、天神の意志に逆らい、天神を欺いて、火や穀物の恩恵を人間にもたらした。しかし結果において病気や災厄も導入されたように、その働きは両義的である。両義性は、神と人との中間の位置を占める文化英雄自身の性格でもあり、このことは、彼が、神話の構造上、媒介者の機能をもつことを意味する。それゆえ文化英雄は、しばしばトリックスターとしても登場する。北米先住民の神話では、コヨーテなどの動物が文化英雄=トリックスターであり、創造神の仕事を手伝ってそれを完成させるとともに、しばしばいたずらや反社会的行動を行い、秩序の破壊や創造のじゃまをする。 穀物盗みをモチーフとするプロメテウス型の神話が穀物栽培民文化を背景とするのに対し、イモ類栽培民の間におもにみられるのはハイヌウェレ型神話である。この話では、神話の時代の終わりに活躍する神的存在が、殺され、自らの死体から作物や火などの人間に有用なものをもたらすことで、文化英雄の性格を帯びている。 [田村克己] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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