Great Purges

Japanese: 大粛清 - だいしゅくせい(英語表記)Great Purges
Great Purges

This refers to the large-scale terrorism carried out by state organs under the leadership of Stalin against Communist Party members, intellectuals, and the general public in the Soviet Union in the late 1930s. The death toll is said to be between 8 and 10 million, but these are only estimates. The 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union held in early 1934 was called the "Congress of the Victors," and proclaimed the victory of socialist construction and the surrender of the opposition within the party. However, following the assassination of Kirov in December of the same year, Stalin decided to introduce emergency measures against political terrorism, such as the immediate execution of death sentences. Former opposition leaders Zinoviev and Kamenev were also arrested and sentenced to prison for instigating the incident. Following this, in 1935, long-standing revolutionary organizations such as the Association of Veteran Bolsheviks and the Association of Political Convicts and Exiles were dissolved. Afterwards, the leaders of the former opposition "confessed" to their crimes in a series of "show trials" in front of foreign journalists, and were executed as "enemies of the people." The three major purge trials were the Trotskyist-Zinovievist Terrorist Headquarters (Joint Headquarters) case (August 1936), in which Zinoviev, Kamenev and others were accused of plotting to assassinate Stalin, the Parallel Headquarters case (January 1937), which was against the anti-Soviet sabotage activities of Pyatakov (1890-1937) and others, and the Right-wing Trotskyist Bloc case (January 1938), in which Bukharin and others attempted to assassinate Lenin and Stalin. In June 1937, Marshal Tukhachevsky and other members of the military leadership were executed in a secret trial as German spies. The purges extended not only to the former opposition, but also to party officials who had been loyal to Stalin, kolkhoz peasants, and foreign communists. What's more, most of them were not even put on trial, but were suddenly arrested, shot, or sent to concentration camps.

This purge took place amidst the establishment of the "Stalin Constitution" of 1936, which proclaimed the completion of the foundations of a socialist society, and the growing deification of Stalin, as well as vigilance against foreign enemies and extreme nationalism on the other hand. Trotsky, who was in exile, continued to denounce the fabrication of this great purge, but in the Soviet Union it was only after Stalin's death that it was officially acknowledged by Khrushchev's "Secret Report" at the 20th Party Congress (1956), and survivors were released from the labor camps and many people were posthumously rehabilitated. Zinoviev, Bukharin and others were not rehabilitated, but they were rehabilitated in 1988 with the start of perestroika.

[Kazuo Fujimoto]

"The Stalin Era as History, Revised and Expanded Edition, by Kikuchi Masanori (1973, Chikuma Shobo)""What is Communism? The Origin and End of Stalinism, by Medvedev, translated by Ishido Kiyomichi (1973, 1974, Sanichi Shobo)""Stalin's Terror, Volumes 1 and 2, by Robert Conquest, translated by Katayama Satoshi (1976, Sanichi Shobo)""The Great Purges: The Stalin Myth, by Isaac Deutscher, translated by Oshima Kaori (1985, TBS Britannica)""Stalin's Great Terror: The Mechanism of Terror and Aspects of Resistance, by Olev V. Khrevniuk, translated by Tomita Takeshi (1998, Iwanami Shoten)""Collection of Top-Secret Soviet Documents, edited by Arch. Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, translated by Kawakami Kou and Hagiwara Nao" "The Path of the Great Purges: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939" (2001, Otsuki Shoten)""Russia Crucified: Stalin and the Artists" by Ikuo Kameyama (2002, Iwanami Shoten)

[References] | Kamenev | Kirov assassination | Zinoviev | Stalin | Stalinism | Criticism of Stalin | Tukhachevsky | Trotsky | Bukharin | Khrushchev | Perestroika

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1930年代後半のソ連で、スターリンの指導の下に、国家機関によって行われた共産党員、知識人および大衆に対する大規模なテロルをいう。犠牲となった死者は800万~1000万人ともいわれるが、推定数字以外はない。34年初めの第17回ソ連共産党大会は「勝利者の大会」とよばれ、社会主義建設の勝利と党内反対派の屈服が宣言された。しかし、同年12月のキーロフ暗殺事件を契機に、スターリンは政治テロに対して死刑判決の即時執行などの非常措置の導入を決定。またこの事件を扇動したとして、旧反対派の指導者ジノビエフ、カーメネフらが逮捕され、禁固刑に処された。これに続き、35年のうちに古参ボリシェビキ協会や政治徒刑囚・流刑囚協会など、古くからの革命家の組織が解散させられた。その後、旧反対派の指導者たちが、外国人記者を前にした一連の「見せ物裁判」で、罪を「自白」し、「人民の敵」として処刑された。ジノビエフ、カーメネフらがスターリン暗殺を謀ったとするトロツキスト・ジノビエビスト・テロリスト本部(合同本部)事件(1936.8)、ピャタコフ(1890―1937)らの反ソ破壊活動に対する並行本部事件(1937.1)、およびブハーリンらのレーニン・スターリン暗殺未遂に対する右翼=トロツキスト・ブロック事件(1938.1)は三大粛清裁判とされる。37年6月には、元帥トゥハチェフスキー以下軍首脳部も、ドイツのスパイとして、秘密裁判で処刑された。粛清は、旧反対派のみならず、スターリンに忠実であった党幹部からコルホーズ農民、また外国人共産主義者にも及んでいる。しかも、彼らの大半は裁判にもかけられず、突然に逮捕され、銃殺されたり収容所に送られた。

 この粛清は、一方での、社会主義社会の基礎の完成をうたった1936年の「スターリン憲法」の制定とスターリンの神格化の進行、他方での外敵に対する警戒と極端なナショナリズムのなかで行われた。この大粛清の虚構性については、亡命中のトロツキーが告発を続けたが、ソ連では、スターリンの死後、第20回党大会(1956)におけるフルシチョフの「秘密報告」によって初めて正式に認められ、生存者の収容所からの復帰と多くの人々の死後の名誉回復がなされた。ジノビエフ、ブハーリンらの名誉回復は行われなかったが、1988年ペレストロイカに伴い、名誉回復された。

[藤本和貴夫]

『菊地昌典著『増補 歴史としてのスターリン時代』(1973・筑摩書房)』『メドヴェージェフ著、石堂清倫訳『共産主義とは何か――スターリン主義の起源と終結』上下(1973、74・三一書房)』『ロバート・コンクェスト著、片山さとし訳『スターリンの恐怖政治』上下(1976・三一書房)』『アイザック・ドイッチャー著、大島かおり訳『大粛清・スターリン神話』(1985・TBSブリタニカ)』『オレーブ・V・フレヴニューク著、富田武訳『スターリンの大テロル――恐怖政治のメカニズムと抵抗の諸相』(1998・岩波書店)』『アーチ・ゲッティ、オレグ・V・ナウーモフ編、川上洸・萩原直訳『ソ連極秘資料集 大粛清の道――スターリンとボリシェヴィキの自壊1932~1939年』(2001・大月書店)』『亀山郁夫著『磔のロシア――スターリンと芸術家たち』(2002・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | カーメネフ | キーロフ暗殺事件 | ジノビエフ | スターリン | スターリン主義 | スターリン批判 | トゥハチェフスキー | トロツキー | ブハーリン | フルシチョフ | ペレストロイカ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Daijuji Temple

>>:  Popular route - Taishuurosen

Recommend

Likasi (English spelling)

A city in Katanga Province in the southeastern par...

Ladislao d'Angio (English spelling)

...The kingdom's heyday was during the reign ...

Preservation of ruins - Isekihogo

…Either way, there are pros and cons. In Japan, t...

Mikami Shrine

Located in Mikami, Yasu City, Shiga Prefecture. I...

Katsuragi Shrine

...The name Kanegōzan comes from this mountain na...

Sotaro Ishiwata

1891-1950 A bureaucrat and politician from the Ta...

Maha Bandoola

1782‐1825 Commander of the Burmese army during the...

Bartlett, N.

...Ferrocene, in which an iron atom is sandwiched...

Sadaie Kira

Years of birth: Years of birth and death unknown. ...

Indigo powder - Aikonari

...As the saying goes, "Awa indigo is sowed,...

Abū'l Ḥasan (English spelling) Abul Hasan

…Landscape painting and bird-and-flower painting ...

Stephen

[Born] Around 1097 [Died] October 25, 1154. Dover,...

Banjul (English spelling)

The capital of Gambia. Formerly called Bathurst. A...

Hymenaios

…Ancient Greek god of marriage. Also called Hymen...

Echegaray - José Echegaray (English spelling)

Spanish playwright. After achieving success as a ...