A thermometer for measuring body temperature. There are various types, such as mercury thermometers, thermistor thermometers (electronic thermometers), and thermocouple thermometers, and they are used according to the purpose. The most commonly used mercury thermometers use mercury evacuated and sealed in a thin glass tube, and utilize the volume expansion of mercury with temperature. There are flat and rod-shaped types, and the flat type has a double-tube structure in which a glass tube containing a mercury column is placed inside a thin glass tube, and the scale is enlarged to make it easier to read. The rod-shaped type has mercury inside a thick single-layer glass. The narrow boundary between the mercury bath and the glass tube in a mercury thermometer is called the stop point, and after the mercury expands and enters the glass tube, and indicates a certain temperature, the mercury column does not descend even when removed from the body due to the action of this stop point. To descend the mercury column, protect the mercury bath with your index finger and shake it down vigorously, or place the thermometer in a case and rotate the string to lower it using the centrifugal force. Electronic thermometers can provide stable values in a short time of a few tens of seconds, making them convenient for measuring moving subjects such as infants. Thermocouple thermometers are used for experiments and are rarely used in clinical practice. Body temperature is the temperature inside the body, but it is actually measured in the armpit (axillary temperature), under the jaw (submental temperature), in the mouth (oral temperature), and rectum (body cavity temperature). Body cavity temperature gives a value closer to the internal body temperature, but in Japan, it is common to measure it in the armpit for children other than newborns and infants. Axillary temperature is measured for more than 10 minutes by placing a flat thermometer with the mercury bath at the deepest part of the axillary cavity, slightly forward of the center of the axillary anterior-posterior diameter. At this time, the axillary cavity is kept tightly closed, but it is necessary to gently wipe off sweat from the armpit beforehand to avoid generating frictional heat. When measuring in the mouth as in Western countries, a rod thermometer (a long and thin mercury bath) is placed in the center of the sublingual area and the tongue is fully covered to measure for more than 5 minutes. In addition, hot and cold foods should not be eaten or drunk immediately before the measurement (ideally 30 minutes before). What is called a "female thermometer" is used to take the temperature in the mouth while lying on one's back at a fixed time before getting up early in the morning, and the continuous measurement records are used for pregnancy diagnosis, infertility treatment, birth control, etc. When measuring rectally, a rod-shaped thermometer (with a spherical mercury bath) designed to prevent tissue damage is used and the measurement is taken for more than three minutes. The 1-minute, 3-minute, or 5-minute counters shown on thermometers refer to the time needed to detect the temperature, and are in no way the measurement time (a few more minutes are needed to measure the temperature). After use, the mercury should be cooled to below 35°C, washed with water, disinfected if necessary, and stored away from high temperatures and sunlight. All Japanese thermometers are graduated in degrees Celsius, and all commercially available products have passed inspection under the Weights and Measures Act. Old thermometers can be inspected at the prefectural Weights and Measures Inspection Center. [Yamane Nobuko] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
体温を測定するための温度計。水銀温度計(水銀体温計)、サーミスター温度計(電子体温計)、熱電対温度計などの種類があり、目的に応じて使い分けられる。一般によく用いられる水銀体温計は水銀を細いガラス管の中に排気密閉し、温度に伴う水銀の体積膨張を利用したものである。形態としては平(ひら)型と棒状があり、平型は薄いガラス管の中に水銀柱のガラス管が入るという二重管構造で、目盛りは拡大されて見やすくなっている。また棒状のものは厚い一重ガラスの中に水銀が入っている。水銀体温計の水銀槽とガラス管の境目が細くなっているところを留点(りゅうてん)といい、水銀が膨張してガラス管に入り、一定温度を示したあと、身体から離しても水銀柱が下降しないのは、この留点の作用による。水銀柱を下降させるには、水銀槽を人差し指で保護して強く振り下げるか、体温計をケースに入れ、紐(ひも)を回転させて、その遠心力で下げるとよい。電子体温計は数十秒ほどの短時間で安定した値が得られるので、乳児など動いて測定困難な対象には便利である。熱電対温度計は実験用で、臨床にはほとんど使用されない。 体温とは身体内部の温度のことであるが、実際には腋窩(えきか)(腋窩温)、顎下(がくか)(顎下温)、口腔(こうくう)(口腔温)、直腸(体腔温)で測定している。体腔温のほうが体内温に近い値が得られるが、日本では新生児や乳児以外は腋窩で測定するのが一般的である。腋窩温は、平型体温計を腋窩腔の最奥、腋窩前後径の中央よりやや前寄りに水銀槽の部分を当てて10分間以上測定する。この際には腋窩腔をしっかりと閉じたままにしておくが、腋窩の汗は、あらかじめ、摩擦熱をおこさないように静かにふき取ることが必要である。欧米諸国のように口腔で測定する場合は、棒状体温計(水銀槽の細長いもの)を舌下中央部に当て、舌でこれを十分に覆って5分間以上測定する。なお、測定直前(理想的には30分前)には、熱いものや冷たいものを飲食してはならない。婦人体温計とよばれるものは、早朝起床前の一定時刻に仰臥(ぎょうが)のまま口腔内で検温するのに用いられるが、その継続測定記録は妊娠診断、不妊症の治療、受胎調節への応用などに利用される。直腸で測定する場合は、組織の損傷防止を考えてつくられた棒状体温計(水銀槽が球形のもの)を用いて3分間以上測定する。 体温計に表示されている1分計、3分計、5分計というのは温度を感知するに必要な時間であって、けっして測定時間ではない(測定時間は、さらに数分間が必要となる)。使用後は水銀を35℃以下に下げて水洗後、必要に応じて消毒し、高温や日光の当たる所を避けて保管するとよい。日本の体温計はすべて摂氏(せっし)で目盛られており、市販品はどれも計量法による検定合格品である。なお、古くなったものは、各都道府県の計量検定所で検査してもらうことができる。 [山根信子] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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