The Last Judgement

Japanese: 最後の審判 - さいごのしんぱん
The Last Judgement

The idea of ​​the "Last Judgment," in which the evil of the present world will ultimately be judged by God, can be found as early as Zoroastrianism and the prophets of ancient Israel. In Zoroastrianism, it is believed that ultimately the evil gods and the evil spirits led by them will be conquered by the good god Ahura Mazda, and it is said that 3,000 years after Zoroaster's death, a savior will appear from his descendants who will bring about the final judgment of all mankind, including the dead, and all evil will be destroyed. In ancient Israel, there was a "day," which was originally thought of optimistically as the "day of salvation," but after the prophet Amos in the 8th century BC, it was interpreted as a terrible day of judgment, and it was announced that an extremely harsh judgment of God would be made on the earth for religious and ethical sins. In the subsequent apocalyptic literature of Judaism, God's final judgment is depicted with mythological representations, and the forces that rebel against God, represented by monsters and beasts, are finally defeated and destroyed. In Islam, on the day of the final judgment, accompanied by natural disasters, all people and jinn (demons) will be summoned before the judgment seat, and each person's words and deeds will be weighed on a scale, and those who are "promised" will be handed a book in their right hand, and those who will be punished for eternity will be handed a book in their left hand containing their actions in life.

This idea of ​​the Last Judgment appears in religions with a strong social-ethical coloring and a linear view of history as the ultimate resolution of ethical contradictions that cannot be easily interpreted when human social life becomes complex (for example, when the righteous suffer and the wicked prosper). Therefore, attention should be paid not only to the mythological or speculative content of the "Last Judgment" but also to the social-ethical function that the idea fulfills.

In Christianity, the idea of ​​the Last Judgment was inherited from Judaism and is spoken of in connection with the second coming of Christ (for example, in the Book of Revelation). However, the idea of ​​judgment that is unique to Christianity is that the sinless Son of God, Jesus Christ, bore God's judgment on himself as a substitute for sinners on the cross. Because of this judgment of the Son of God, human beings are forgiven of their sins, no longer judged, and are given eternal life.

[Tsukimoto Akio]

art

In Christian art, the so-called Last Judgment scenes, which depict the Judge Jesus Christ in the center, the resurrection of the dead, the selection of the righteous and sinners, and heaven and hell, were first seen in the 9th or 10th century. Of course, there were symbolic scenes of the Last Judgment before that, such as Christ selecting sheep and goats, but the grand scenes of the Last Judgment based on the Gospels (Matthew, chapters 24-25) and the Book of Revelation are considered to have been prepared in the 9th and 10th centuries and stylized in the 11th century, as shown by illustrations in manuscripts and church murals in Byzantine art. In medieval art in Western Europe, aside from works produced under the influence of Byzantine art in the 10th and 11th centuries, scenes of the Last Judgment are often seen in the tympanum (triangular wall of a gable) sculptures of Romanesque and Gothic art from the 12th century onwards.

Although Italian Renaissance painters such as Giotto and Fra Angelico, and Northern Renaissance painters such as Memling and Schongauer also produced many works, the greatest masterpiece of this period is undoubtedly Michelangelo's Last Judgement, painted in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican in 1541.

[Natori Shiro]

"Christ and Time" by O. Cullman, translated by Maeda Mamoro (1954, Iwanami Shoten)

[Reference] | Eschatology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

現世界の悪が究極的に神によって審(さば)かれるという「最後の審判」の思想は、古くはゾロアスター教や古代イスラエルの預言者にみられる。ゾロアスター教においては、究極的に悪神およびそれに率いられる悪霊は善神アフラ・マズダーに征服される、と信ぜられるが、とくにゾロアスターの没後3000年を経て、彼の子孫から救世主が出現し、彼によって最後の審判が、死者も含め全人類に行われ、悪はすべて滅ぶ、といわれる。古代イスラエルにおいて「その日」というのがあって、元来「救いの日」として楽観的に考えられていたが、前8世紀の預言者アモス以降、それは恐るべき審判の日と解釈され、宗教的、倫理的罪ゆえに過酷きわまりない神の審きが地上に行われると告げられた。続くユダヤ教の黙示文学においては、神による最後の審判は神話的表象をもって描かれ、怪物や獣などによって表象される神に背く勢力は、最終的に打ち負かされ滅びに至る。イスラム教において、最後の審判の日には、天変地異を伴い、すべての人々やジン(鬼神)が審判の座の前に召集され、各人の言行が秤(はかり)で量られ、「嘉(よみ)された者」には右手に、永劫(えいごう)の罰を受ける者には左手に、それぞれ生前の行為が記された書が手渡されるという。

 このような最後の審判の思想は、人間の社会生活が複雑になり、とくに倫理的な矛盾が容易に解釈しえなくなるとき(たとえば義人が苦しみ、悪人が栄えるがごとき)、そのような矛盾の究極的止揚として、社会倫理的色彩の濃い、しかも直線的歴史観をもつ宗教に現れるものである。それゆえ、「最後の審判」の神話的もしくは思弁的内容のみならず、その思想の果たす社会倫理的機能にも注目すべきである。

 キリスト教においても、最後の審判の思想はユダヤ教から受け継がれ、キリストの再臨のときと結び付けて語られる(たとえば「ヨハネ黙示録」)。しかしキリスト教に特徴的な審判思想は、罪なき神の子イエス・キリストが、十字架上で罪人の身代りとして神の審判を身に受けたという点である。人間は神の子のこの審判のゆえに、もはや罪を許されて審かれることなく、永遠の生命を与えられる、というのである。

[月本昭男]

美術

キリスト教美術において、審判者イエス・キリストを中心に死者のよみがえり、義人と罪人の選別、天国および地獄などを上下左右に配したいわゆる最後の審判図は、9世紀ないし10世紀以降に登場する。もちろんそれ以前にも、たとえば羊と山羊(やぎ)を選別するキリストといった象徴的な審判図はあったが、「福音書(ふくいんしょ)」(マタイ、24~25章)および「ヨハネ黙示録」を典拠とする壮大な審判図は、ビザンティン美術において写本挿絵や教会壁画が示すように、9世紀から10世紀にかけて準備され、11世紀に定型化したものとみなされている。西ヨーロッパの中世美術では、10~11世紀の明らかにビザンティン美術の影響下に制作されたものはさておき、12世紀以降のロマネスクおよびゴシック美術のティムパヌム(破風(はふ)の三角壁)彫刻にしばしば最後の審判図が認められるようになる。

 ジョットやフラ・アンジェリコをはじめとするイタリア・ルネサンス期の画家たち、メムリンクやションガウアーなどの北方ルネサンスの画家たちも多くの作品を残しているが、この時期の最大の傑作は、ミケランジェロが1541年にバチカンのシスティナ礼拝堂に描いた最後の審判図であろう。

[名取四郎]

『O・クルマン著、前田護郎訳『キリストと時』(1954・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | 終末観

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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