German theoretical physicist. Born in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), he studied at the University of Göttingen. In 1895 he became a private lecturer at the same university, and from 1906 to 1945 he was professor of theoretical physics at the University of Munich. In 1913, Bohr introduced Planck and Einstein's concept of energy quanta into the Nagaoka-Rutherford atomic model and succeeded in explaining the wavelengths of light emitted and absorbed by hydrogen atoms. However, in Bohr's theory, electrons within atoms could only take classical orbits that satisfied certain conditions (quantum conditions). Meanwhile, Sommerfeld expanded the quantum condition so that it could be applied not only to the specific subject of hydrogen atoms but also to general physical systems (1914). This research was also carried out by Atsushi Ishihara, who was studying abroad from Japan at the time. Furthermore, he successfully applied this generalized quantum condition to the calculation of elliptical orbits of electrons in atoms, which was not included in Bohr's theory. These studies established the basic pillars of early quantum mechanics, which was a transitional theory from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. Sommerfeld's other research includes X-ray spectroscopy and the electron theory of metals. In 1942, he wrote a systematic textbook covering mechanics and other topics in six volumes, which was highly praised as one of the most comprehensive textbooks on classical physics, and has been translated into many languages and is still widely used today. [Masakatsu Yamazaki] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの理論物理学者。ケーニヒスベルク(現、ロシア領カリーニングラード)に生まれ、ゲッティンゲン大学に学んだ。1895年同大学私講師となり、1906~1945年ミュンヘン大学理論物理学教授。 ボーアは1913年にプランク、アインシュタインのエネルギー量子の考え方を長岡‐ラザフォードの原子模型に持ち込み、水素原子が放出・吸収する光の波長を説明するのに成功したが、ボーアの理論では、原子内の電子は、古典的な軌道のうち、特定の条件(量子条件)を満たすものだけをとるとされた。 一方、ゾンマーフェルトは、量子条件を水素原子という特定の対象だけでなく、一般の物理系にも適用できるように拡張した(1914)。この研究は、当時日本から留学中であった石原純(あつし)によっても行われた。さらにこの一般化された量子条件を、ボーアの理論には含まれていなかった原子内電子の楕円(だえん)軌道計算に応用して成功した。これらの研究は、古典力学から量子力学への過渡的な理論であった前期量子力学の基本的な柱を築くものとなった。このほか、ゾンマーフェルトの研究には、X線スペクトルや金属の電子論に関するものもある。1942年、力学をはじめ6巻に及ぶ体系的な教科書を執筆したが、これは古典的物理学のもっとも整った教科書の一つとして絶賛を博し、各国語に翻訳されて今日も広く用いられている。 [山崎正勝] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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