Sonnet (English spelling)

Japanese: ソネット(英語表記)sonnet
Sonnet (English spelling)
A poetic form consisting of 14 lines. Its origin is unknown, but it is said to have developed from medieval songs, and examples can be found in 14th-century Italy. Depending on the rhyme structure, it can be divided into Italian and English. The rhyme system used is the most common in the language, for example, iambic pentameter in England and alexandrine in France. The Italian sonnet consists of an octave of eight lines (rhyming abbaabba) and a sestet of six lines (cdccdc or cdecde), and was written by Dante and Petrarch, and Petrarch's series of poems about a woman named Laura was considered to be an example of this form. Sonnets were popular throughout Europe during the Renaissance, but in England they first appeared in the collection of poems by T. Wyatt, the Earl of Surrey, and others, Tottle's Anthology (1557). In the Elizabethan era, series of sonnets on a certain theme were popular, but most of them did not follow the Italian rhyme structure. For example, E. Spencer used the form ababbcbccdcdee, while Shakespeare used the form ababcdcdefefgg. This Shakespearean form is called the English style, and is characterized by three quatrains stacked together and ending with a couplet. However, this was not widely used, and representative sonnet writers such as Milton and Wordsworth generally followed the Italian structure. In the modern era, sonnets are not written as often as they used to be, but in England Keats, Mrs. Browning, and DG Rossetti left behind excellent works, and Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Valéry, and Rilke also wrote important works in sonnet form.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
1編が 14行から成る詩型。起源は不明だが,中世の歌謡から発展したものといわれ,14世紀のイタリアにはすでに作品の例がある。押韻の構造によって,イタリア式とイギリス式に分けられる。韻律はその言語の最も一般的なもの,たとえばイギリスでは弱強五歩格,フランスではアレクサンドランが用いられる。イタリア式ソネットは8行のオクテーブ (押韻は abbaabba) と6行のセステット (cdccdcまたは cdecde) から成り,ダンテやペトラルカによって書かれ,特にペトラルカがラウラという女性を歌った一連の作品は,この形式の模範とされた。ソネットはルネサンス期のヨーロッパ全土でもてはやされたが,イギリスでは,T.ワイアットとサリー伯その他の詩集『トトル詩選集』 (1557) に現れたものが最初である。エリザベス朝では,一定の主題を扱う連作ソネットが流行したが,それらの大部分はイタリア式の押韻構造に従っていない。たとえば E.スペンサーは ababbcbccdcdee,シェークスピアは ababcdcdefefggという形を用いた。イギリス式と呼ばれるのは,このシェークスピアの形式で,四行連句を3つ重ねて最後を二行連句で結ぶところに特徴がある。ただし,これはさほど広くは用いられず,ミルトン,ワーズワスら,代表的ソネット作者は,イタリア式の構造にだいたいにおいて従った。近代以後,ソネットは以前ほど多くは書かれなくなったが,イギリスではキーツ,ブラウニング夫人,D.G.ロセッティらがすぐれた作品を残し,ボードレール,マラルメ,バレリー,リルケらも重要な作品をソネット形式で書いている。

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