Carboniferous period

Japanese: 石炭紀 - せきたんき(英語表記)Carboniferous period
Carboniferous period

A geological period in the late Paleozoic Era, spanning approximately 60 million years from 358.9 million years ago to 298.9 million years ago between the Devonian and Permian periods. The strata formed during the Carboniferous period are called Carboniferous. This name was derived from the fact that the strata in England contain many coal layers. In North America, the period is divided into two periods: the Mississippian period, which corresponds to the lower half of the period, and the Pennsylvanian period, which corresponds to the upper half. In terms of the biological world, notable are the remarkable prosperity of ferns and horsetails, which formed forests in a warm and humid environment and became the raw material for coal, and the rapid development of arthropods such as spiders and insects, and vertebrate amphibians, which adapted to forest life.

In addition, in the shallow seas of warm climates, the protozoa Foraminifera, the Cnidarian corals, the tentacled brachiopods, and the echinoderms Crinoids have undergone great development. The Fusulina, which belongs to the Foraminifera, appeared at the end of the Early Carboniferous, and many species and genera differentiated in the Late Carboniferous, making them important as index fossils (standard stones). In the coral group, the Tetracorals developed to replace the Tabular Corals. Crinoids reached their greatest period of evolutionary flourishing, and more than half of the known species in the geological era were produced during this period. The tentacled brachiopods, the mollusks Cephalopods and Bivalves (Axefoots), and the protochordata Conodonts are also highly diverse, and are used to compare and divide strata within the region and internationally. Among vertebrates, a group of amphibians called labyrinthodonts developed, and the first reptiles, which are thought to have evolved from this group, appeared late in this period. Among land plants, seedless vascular plants (including club mosses and horsetails) and seed ferns flourished significantly. These plants formed large forests in vast lowlands in the warm and humid climate of the time, leaving behind large amounts of coal beds. Carboniferous strata are widely distributed on all continents. In Western Europe and North America, marine strata generally develop in the lower part and contain coal-bearing strata in the upper part. On the Russian platform west of the Ural Mountains, a series of marine strata mainly made of limestone developed, and because they produce abundant marine fossils, these strata have become an international standard for comparison.

Japan's Carboniferous System consists entirely of marine deposits, most of which are limestone layers overlying pyroclastic rocks resulting from submarine volcanic activity. The strata are closely associated with Permian limestone layers, contain no terrigenous clastic rocks, and are continuous without time gaps. This fact indicates that the Carboniferous-Permian limestone facies distributed throughout Japan formed as coral reefs developed on volcanic islands far from the land near the equator, and were added to the Eurasian continent. The Carboniferous System is known to be distributed in large quantities in the Kitakami Mountains, Hida Mountains, the limestone plateaus of the Chugoku region, and the Chichibu Belt in the outer belt of southwestern Japan, and produces a rich collection of fusulinid, coral, brachiopod, and molluscan fossils. During the Carboniferous Period, the Hercynian (Variscan) orogeny became active in the western Eurasian continent, causing intense crustal movements.

[Tomo Ozawa and Kozo Watanabe, August 19, 2015]

"Atlas of the Evolution of Life and Earth II: From the Devonian to the Cretaceous" by Dougal Dixon, translated and supervised by Ikuo Obata (2003, Asakura Publishing)

[References] | Vascular plants | Crinoids | Coal beds | Echinoderms | Spiders | Protozoa | Paleozoic Era | Conodonts | Ferns | Tetracorals | Cnidarians | Tentacleds | Arthropods | Geological periods | Devonian | Reptiles | Variscan orogen | Standard stones | Permian | Fusulins | Foraminifera
Sugiyamaera carbonarium (Tetracoral)
Yabe and Minato Early Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic era Diameter: approx. 4cm Produced in Ofunato City, Iwate Prefecture Photo: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ F5793)

Sugiyamaella carbonarium (four-leaved sunflower)

Macrocrinus mundulus (crinoid)
Photo from the Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic era, Indiana, USA / Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum Image Library ">

Macrocrinus mundulus (crinoid)

Productus punctatus (Brachiopoda)
Martin, Paleozoic Carboniferous Mississippian Period, Width approx. 4cm, Produced in Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, Photo courtesy of the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F5802)

Productus punctatus (Brachiopoda)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古生代後期の地質時代で、デボン紀とペルム紀(二畳紀)との間の約3億5890万年前から約2億9890万年前までの約6000万年間に相当する。石炭紀に形成された地層を石炭系という。イギリスでこの時代の地層中に石炭層を多く含むことからこの名称が生まれた。北米では、当紀の下半部に相当するミシシッピ紀Mississippianと上半部に相当するペンシルベニア紀Pencylvanianの二つの紀に区分されている。生物界では、温暖湿潤の環境下で森林を形成し、石炭の素材になったシダ植物やトクサ類の著しい繁栄と、森林生活に適応して急激に発展した節足動物のクモ類や昆虫類、脊椎(せきつい)動物の両生類が特筆される。

 また、温暖な気候下の浅海では、原生動物の有孔虫類、刺胞動物のサンゴ類、触手動物の腕足類、棘皮(きょくひ)動物のウミユリ類に大発展を遂げたものがある。有孔虫類に属するフズリナ(紡錘虫類)は、石炭紀前期の末に出現し、石炭紀後期には多くの種・属が分化し、示準化石(標準化石)としても重要である。サンゴ類では床板サンゴ類にかわって四放サンゴ類が発展。ウミユリ類は、進化史上最大の繁栄期を迎え、地質時代の既知種の半数以上をこの時代に産する。触手動物の腕足類、軟体動物の頭足類・二枚貝類(斧足(おのあし)類)、原索動物のコノドント動物なども多様性に富み、地域内や国際的な地層の対比や分帯に利用されている。脊椎動物のなかでは、迷歯類とよばれる両生類の一群が発展を遂げ、このグループより進化したと考えられる最初の爬虫類(はちゅうるい)がこの時代の後期に出現。陸上植物では、無種子の維管束植物(ヒカゲノカズラ類、トクサ類を含む)、種子シダ類の著しい繁栄がある。これらの植物は、温暖湿潤な当時の気候のもとで広大な低湿地帯に大森林を形成し、多量の石炭層を残した。石炭紀の地層はすべての大陸に広く分布している。西ヨーロッパや北アメリカ大陸では一般に、下部に海成層が発達し、上部に夾炭(きょうたん)層を含む。ウラル山地西部のロシア卓状地には、石灰岩を主体とする一連の海成層が発達し、豊富な海産化石を産することから、その地層が国際的対比の基準となってきた。

 日本の石炭系はすべて海成層からなり、その大部分は海底火山活動による火山砕屑(さいせつ)岩類の上に重なる石灰岩層からなる。その地層は、ペルム紀の石灰岩層を密接に伴い、陸源性の砕屑岩類を含まず、また時間欠如もなく連続したものである。この事実から、日本各地に分布する石炭‐ペルム系の石灰岩相は、赤道近くで、陸地から遠く離れた火山島の上に発達したサンゴ礁として形成され、ユーラシア大陸に付加したものであることがわかる。北上山地、飛騨(ひだ)山地、中国地方の石灰岩台地、西南日本外帯の秩父帯などに石炭系のまとまった分布が知られ、フズリナ類、サンゴ類、腕足類、軟体動物などの豊富な化石群を産する。石炭紀には、ユーラシア大陸西部でヘルシニア(バリスカン)造山運動が活発化し、激しい地殻変動があった。

[小澤智生・渡辺耕造 2015年8月19日]

『ドゥーガル・ディクソン著、小畠郁生監訳『生命と地球の進化アトラスⅡ デボン紀から白亜紀』(2003・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | 維管束植物 | ウミユリ | 夾炭層 | 棘皮動物 | クモ | 原生動物 | 古生代 | コノドント | シダ植物 | 四放サンゴ類 | 刺胞動物 | 触手動物 | 節足動物 | 地質時代 | デボン紀 | 爬虫類 | バリスカン造山帯 | 標準化石 | ペルム紀 | 紡錘虫 | 有孔虫
スギヤマエラ・カーボナリウム(四放サンゴ類)
Yabe and Minato 古生代石炭紀前期 径約4cm 岩手県大船渡市産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F5793)">

スギヤマエラ・カーボナリウム(四放サン…

マクロクリヌス・ムンデュルス(ウミユリ)
 古生代石炭紀 アメリカ インディアナ州産写真/福井県立恐竜博物館画像ライブラリー">

マクロクリヌス・ムンデュルス(ウミユリ…

プロダクタス・プンクタトゥス(腕足類)
Martin 古生代石炭紀ミシシッピ紀 幅約4cm 新潟県糸魚川市産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F5802)">

プロダクタス・プンクタトゥス(腕足類)


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