Order to drive away foreign ships

Japanese: 異国船打払令 - いこくせんうちはらいれい

This ordinance was issued in February 1825. It is also called the "Bunsei Order to Drive Away" because it was issued during the Bunsei era (1818-1830). In the latter part of the Edo period, foreign ships often appeared in the waters near Japan, and especially after the Kansei era (1789-1801), Russian and British warships seeking trade, and American whaling ships and others stopped in Japan looking for a port of call, and the shogunate was troubled by this. Furthermore, in Bunsei 1 (18), the Englishman G. Gordon personally arrived in Uraga and demanded trade, but was rejected by the shogunate. In the same year, a crew member of a British whaling ship landed in Hitachi to ask for firewood and water, but was captured by soldiers of the Mito domain. In the same year, a crew member of a British ship that had landed and robbed was shot to death in the Satsuma domain. In July of the same year, the shogunate issued an order to drive away foreign ships, stating that "they must be driven away without question," and ordered the arrest or shooting of any foreigners who landed in Japan. After this order was issued, in Tempo 8 (37), the American ship "Morrison" was attempting to enter Uraga port with a request for the return of Japanese adrift and trade, but was bombarded and forced to head to Kagoshima, where it was also bombarded by soldiers of the Satsuma domain, and finally returned to Macau. The shogunate held a meeting to consider the circumstances surrounding the arrival of the "Morrison" based on a report from the head of the Dutch trading post in Nagasaki, but did not decide to repeal the order to drive away foreign ships (→Morrison Incident). Eventually, news of the Opium Wars in China reached the shogunate, and the shogunate's sense of crisis finally grew. Mizuno Tadakuni and others held a meeting to discuss the order to drive away foreign ships, and, with the opinion of the senior councilor Sanada Yukitsura, the order was abolished in 1830 and reverted to the original order to supply firewood and water. The order to drive away the invaders was not implemented thoroughly, and its continued existence was a constant issue within the shogunate, but in the end it only served to highlight the weakness of the shogunate's defense policy both at home and abroad.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

文政8 (1825) 年2月に出された法令。文政年間 (1818～30) に出されたことから「文政の打払令」ともいう。江戸時代も後期になると，外国船が日本近海に出没することが多く，特に寛政年間 (1789～1801) 以降はロシアやイギリスの軍艦が通商を求め，アメリカの捕鯨船などが寄港地を求めて日本に立寄るという具合で，幕府もその対策に苦慮していた。さらに文政1 (18) 年，イギリス人 G.ゴルドンが直接浦賀に来航して貿易を要求して幕府の拒絶にあい，また，同7年イギリス捕鯨船の船員が常陸に上陸して薪水を求めたところ，水戸藩の藩兵に捕えられ，さらに同年薩摩藩では，上陸して略奪したイギリス船の船員が射殺されるという事件も起った。そこで幕府は，同8年7月，「有無に及ばず一図に打払い」という異国船打払令を出し，日本に上陸した外国人の逮捕，もしくは射殺を命じた。この令が出されてのち，天保8 (37) 年，アメリカ船『モリソン』号が漂流日本人の返還と通商要求をもって浦賀に入港しようとしたところ，砲撃を受けてやむなく鹿児島に向い，そこでも薩摩藩兵によって砲撃を受け，ついにマカオに帰った。幕府は長崎オランダ商館長の報告によって，『モリソン』号渡来の事情を評議したが，このときは打払令を廃止することにはならなかった (→モリソン号事件 ) 。やがて中国におけるアヘン戦争の情報が届き，ついに幕府の危機意識は高まり，水野忠邦らが打払令について評議した結果，老中真田幸貫の意見をいれて，同 13年に廃止してもとの薪水供給令に戻った。打払令は不徹底のまま絶えず幕府内においても存続が問題とされたが，結局，幕府の国防政策の貧弱さを内外に知らしめるだけに終った。

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