Coal preparation - Sentan

Japanese: 選炭 - せんたん
Coal preparation - Sentan

This is a process for preparing coal to meet market demand by physically separating and removing unnecessary rocks from mined raw coal, and then separating it by size, etc. In a broader sense, this refers to all the processes associated with this.

Currently, the majority of coal is used broadly as raw coal (coking coal) for steelmaking, and as general coal (fuel coal) for electricity and other industrial purposes, with the required quality (ash content, moisture content, sulfur content, particle size, etc.) for each being determined by market demand. However, the raw coal removed from the mines by mechanized mass mining contains not only coal, but also "sandwiches" (rock layers or carbonaceous shale layers in the coal seam) as well as some rocks above and below the coal seam, and as such does not usually meet the required quality standards. Therefore, it is necessary to select and prepare clean coal to meet demand through coal washing.

Coal differs from metal ores in that free separation occurs at relatively large particle sizes, that the sorting capacity of coarse particles is greater and therefore the costs of coal sorting are lower, and that even single-edged intermediate coal can be sold as No. 2 clean coal. For these reasons, coal is sorted according to its particle size without being crushed as much as possible.

[Kinjiro Aso]

Types of coal preparation methods

Lump coal (50-70mm or larger) used to be separated by hand, but this has now almost completely disappeared due to rising labor costs and declining demand for lump coal. If preliminary processing of lumps or large chunks is required, heavy media separation or a Bradford breaker is used. The latter is a preliminary separation method that preferentially crushes only the coal and removes the uncrushed rocks by sieving.

The main method of separating coal is gravity separation, which is used to process all coal except for pulverized coal (particles less than about 0.5 mm). The specific gravity of coal is about 1.3 for bituminous coal, while waste rock is mainly shale, with a specific gravity of about 2.5, making it more suitable for gravity separation than metal ores. There are various methods of gravity separation, but the most commonly used methods for coal washing today are jig separation and heavy liquid separation. In addition, shaking tables are sometimes used to separate fine particles.

Jig sorting is a wet gravity sorting method in which a pulsating flow of water is applied vertically to a layer (bed) of raw coal fed onto a screen, stratifying the coal with a lower specific gravity on top and the shale with a higher specific gravity on the bottom, while at the same time moving the bed from the coal feed side to the discharge end, continuously separating the clean coal from the waste rock. The jig used for coal sorting was a Baum-type jig that used the pulsating water and the fluctuations in air pressure, but the principle of the TACUB jig invented in Japan was adopted in Germany, becoming the Batac jig, a large-capacity coal sorting machine capable of processing 700 to 800 tons per hour.

Heavy medium separation is a method in which raw coal is placed in a heavy medium adjusted to a specified specific gravity (1.35 to 1.9) and separated into clean coal that floats and waste rock that sinks. Heavy medium is a mud-like suspension of heavy solid powders in water; quartz sand, shale, and powdered pyrite are also used, but magnetite is currently the most commonly used. Heavy medium separation was originally only used to separate coarse particles (6 to 10 mm or larger), but with the development of the cyclone washer, which uses centrifugal force, it can also be used to separate fine particles (20 to 0.5 mm).

Pulverized coal is separated by flotation. Coal is an organic compound mainly composed of carbon and is hydrophobic, so it can be easily separated from hydrophilic rocks by flotation. Coal is particularly suitable for flotation, and it is common to float pulverized coal to increase production. As a flotation agent, MIBC (alcohol-based) is used as a foaming agent, and kerosene, etc. is used as a collector if necessary.

The clean coal from each separator is dehydrated appropriately and stored in pockets according to quality, and is mixed and quality adjusted as necessary before being shipped out. Coarse waste rock is piled up in dumping grounds. The tailings from the flotation process are thickened and then used to fill the mine or disposed of in old caverns (cavities left over from old mining operations). In some cases, the tailings are thickened and then further dehydrated before being disposed of.

[Kinjiro Aso]

[Reference] | Ore dressing | Coal mine

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

石炭を対象とする選鉱であり、採掘された原炭から物理的方法で不用の岩石を選別除去し、さらに大きさ別に分けるなど、市場の要求にあう商品に調整すること。広義にはこれに付随するすべての操作をいう。

 現在、石炭の大部分は、大別して原料炭(コークス用炭)として製鉄用に、また一般炭(燃料炭)として電力その他工場用に使用され、それぞれ市場の要求によって所要の品質(灰分、湿分、硫黄(いおう)分、粒子の大きさなど)が決まってくる。一方、機械化による大量採炭で坑内から搬出されてくる原炭には、石炭だけでなく、「夾(はさ)み」(炭層中の岩石層あるいは炭質頁岩(けつがん)層)のほか、炭層の上下にある岩石も一部混入し、そのままでは所要の品質基準に満たないのが普通である。したがって選炭によって需要に適した精炭を選別、調整することが必要である。

 石炭は金属鉱石と異なり、比較的大きい粒子径で単体分離が進んでいること、粗粒のほうが選別処理能力が大で、したがって選炭経費が安いこと、片刃(かたは)状の中間炭でも2号精炭として商品になることなどの理由から、なるべく破砕しないでそれぞれの粒子径に応じた選別を行う。

[麻生欣次郎]

選炭法の種類

塊炭(50~70ミリメートル以上)の選別は昔は手選(てせん)で行われていたが、人件費の上昇および塊炭需要の減少などで現在はほとんど姿を消した。塊あるいは大塊の予備処理が必要な場合は、重液選別によるか、またはブラッドフォードブレーカーBradford breakerを用いる。後者は石炭だけを優先的に破砕し、篩(ふるい)分けによって破砕しなかった岩石を除去する予備選別である。

 石炭の選別法の主体は比重選炭で、微粉炭(約0.5ミリメートル以下の粒子)以外はすべてこれで処理されている。石炭の比重は瀝青(れきせい)炭で約1.3、廃石となる岩石はおもに頁岩で比重約2.5で金属鉱石の場合より比重選別に適している。比重選別にはいろいろの方法があるが、現在選炭にもっとも多く用いられているのは、ジグ選別と重液選別である。このほか一部シェーキングテーブルshaking tableが細粒の選別に用いられている。

 ジグ選別は湿式の比重選別法の一つであり、網の上に供給された原炭の層(ベッドbed)に垂直に水の脈動流を与えることによって、比重の小さい石炭を上に、比重の大きな頁岩を下になるように成層させ、同時にベッドを給炭側から排出端側へ移動させて、連続的に精炭と廃石に分離させるものである。選炭用ジグは水の脈動に空気圧の変動を利用したバウムBaum式ジグであったが、わが国で考案されたタカブジグTACUB jigの原理が逆にドイツで取り入れられ、バタックジグBatac jigとなり、毎時700~800トン処理の大容量の選炭機となった。

 重液選別は、所定の比重(1.35~1.9)に調整された重液中に原炭を投入し、浮上する精炭と沈む廃石とに分離する方法である。重液は比重の大きな固体粉末を水に懸濁させた泥状のもので、石英砂、頁岩や黄鉄鉱の粉末なども用いられるが、現在は磁鉄鉱がおもに使用されている。重液選別は初め粗粒(6~10ミリメートル以上)の選別にのみ使用されていたが、遠心力を利用したサイクロン選別機cyclone washerの開発で細粒(20~0.5ミリメートル)の選別にも用いられている。

 微粉炭の選別は浮選による。石炭は炭素を主とした有機化合物で疎水性であり、親水性の岩石と浮選により容易に選別できる。とくに原料炭は浮選に適しており、その生産量を増すために微粉炭を浮選するのが普通である。浮選剤としては、起泡剤にMIBC(アルコール系)が、また必要に応じて捕収剤に灯油などが使用される。

 各選別機から出た精炭はそれぞれ適切な脱水操作を経て、品質別にポケットpocketに貯蔵し、必要に応じて混炭、品質を調整したうえ積み出す。粗粒の廃石は捨場に堆積(たいせき)する。浮選から出た廃滓(はいさい)は濃縮後、坑内充填(じゅうてん)に用いたり、古洞(ふるとう)(昔採掘した跡の空洞)へ廃棄する。また濃縮したのちさらに脱水して処分する場合もある。

[麻生欣次郎]

[参照項目] | 選鉱 | 炭鉱

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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