A water-soluble cleaning agent whose main ingredients are soap or synthetic surfactants, it is a chemical used to remove dirt from the surface of materials through its surface-active action. Detergents penetrate and adsorb to the surface of materials and dirt, and clean the surface by emulsifying or dispersing oily and solid dirt. Detergents are classified into light-duty detergents and heavy-duty detergents in terms of the strength of their cleaning action. In terms of use, they are classified into laundry detergents, kitchen detergents, household detergents, and shampoos, and the ingredients are formulated to effectively remove each type of dirt. In terms of main ingredients, laundry detergents and kitchen detergents are classified into synthetic detergents, complex soaps, and soaps, and these names are clearly indicated on the products. [Shigeo Hayano and Noriko Shinozuka] How dirt comes offUsing detergent to remove various stains is called cleaning, but here we will mainly consider laundry, that is, using detergent to remove stains that have adhered to clothing. In reality, the types of stains and attached substances are complex, and it is not easy to explain the entire washing process. When solid particles or oil are attached to the fibers, the cleaning process is as follows: (1) The detergent solution reduces the surface tension, and the detergent solution penetrates the interface between the dirt and the fibers or into the dirt through wetting and penetration, wetting the clothes; (2) The detergent separates the dirt from the fiber surface by dissolving, dispersing, emulsifying, solubilizing, etc., and carries the separated dirt particles toward the detergent solution; (3) The dirt particles are stably dispersed in the detergent solution by micelles, preventing redeposition on the fibers. The above is the main process of washing, but detergent also adsorbs to the surface of fibers to prevent dirt from reattaching to the surface, and dirt also adsorbs in high concentration to the surface of the foam, reducing the amount of dirt in the detergent solution. It is also thought that the mechanical force used during washing has the effect of agitating the surface of the dirt, making it easier to remove. [Shigeo Hayano and Noriko Shinozuka] [Reference] | | | |The diagram shows a schematic diagram of the cleaning process of dirt adhering to fibers. (1) The surface tension of the detergent solution decreases, and the detergent penetrates into the interface between the dirt and the fiber or into the dirt itself through wetting and penetration. (2) The dirt is separated from the fiber surface, and the dirt particles are carried toward the detergent solution. (3) The dirt particles are dispersed in the detergent solution by micelles (aggregates of surfactants). ©Shogakukan "> How detergent works (the cleaning process) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
せっけんや合成界面活性剤を主成分とした水溶性の洗浄剤であって、その界面活性作用によって物質の表面の汚れを落とすのに使用される薬剤である。洗剤は物質や汚れの表面に浸透、吸着し、油性の汚れや固体の汚れを乳化または分散させることにより表面を清浄にする。洗剤には、洗浄作用の強さからみるとライトデューティー洗剤、ヘビーデューティー洗剤(重質洗剤)に分類される。用途からみると、衣料用、台所用、住居用、シャンプーに分類され、それぞれの汚れをよく落とすように成分が配合されている。主成分からみると、衣料用洗剤と台所用洗剤は、合成洗剤、複合せっけん、せっけんに分類されており、これらの名称は商品に明示されている。 [早野茂夫・篠塚則子] 汚れの落ちる仕組み洗剤を用いていろいろな汚れを落とすことを洗浄というが、ここでは主として洗濯、すなわち衣料に付着した汚れを洗剤を用いて除く場合を考えることにする。実際には汚れの種類や付着物の種類が複雑で、洗濯の全過程を説明することは簡単でない。 繊維に固体粒子か油が付着している場合、その洗浄の過程は、(1)洗剤溶液の表面張力が下がり、湿潤、浸透作用によって汚れと繊維の界面、あるいは汚れの内部に浸透して衣料をぬらす。(2)汚れを繊維表面から分離する。これには洗剤の溶解、分散、乳化、可溶化などの作用が働き、分離した汚れ粒子を洗剤溶液のほうへ運ぶ。(3)汚れ粒子をミセルによって洗剤溶液中に安定に分散させ、繊維上への再沈着を防止する。 以上が洗濯の主要な過程であるが、洗剤は繊維の表面に吸着して、表面に汚れが再付着するのを防止したり、また汚れが泡の表面に高濃度に吸着して洗剤溶液中の汚れを少なくする働きもある。なお、洗濯時の機械的な力は、汚れの表面を攪拌(かくはん)して汚れを落としやすくする効果があると考えられる。 [早野茂夫・篠塚則子] [参照項目] | | | |図は、繊維に付着した汚れの洗浄過程を模式的に示したものである。(1)洗剤溶液の表面張力が下がり、湿潤、浸透作用によって、汚れと繊維の界面あるいは汚れの内部に浸透する。(2)汚れを繊維表面から分離し、汚れ粒子を洗剤溶液のほうへ運ぶ。(3)汚れ粒子をミセル(界面活性剤の集合体)によって洗剤溶液中に分散させる©Shogakukan"> 洗剤の働き(洗浄の過程) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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