Pond - Ike

Japanese: 池 - いけ
Pond - Ike

A pond, like a lake, is a body of water that has accumulated in a depression, but the term is often used when the body of water is small. In limnology, a body of water that is less than 5 meters deep can be called a swamp or a pond, but this distinction is not strict. The term pond can be used for natural lakes and marshes, but it is often used to refer to artificial bodies of water, such as reservoirs and holding ponds.

There are nearly 210,000 agricultural reservoirs in Japan, many of which are large, with a depth of over 10 meters, but most of them are called ponds. Artificial bodies of water in gardens are also called ponds. Small natural lakes are also called ponds, but there are exceptions, such as medium-sized lakes such as Eel Pond in Kagoshima Prefecture (a volcanic lake 56 meters deep and 1.15 square kilometers in area), which means that the limnological definition does not match the actual name.

[Tadashi Arai]

Pond and garden

An ancient example of a pond in a Japanese garden is that of Soga no Umako during the reign of Empress Suiko. Due to the scenery of the pond and island, Umako was known as the Minister of the Islands, and the villa built on the site of his residence was called Shimanomiya. A pond from the Nara period has been excavated at Nibo, Sanjo, Sakyo, Heijo-kyo. During the Heian period, ponds were built in the southern part of shinden-zukuri houses, and a book about gardens, Sakuteiki, was written. During the Heian period, ponds were also built at Pure Land Buddhist temples, such as Byodo-in in Uji and Motsu-ji in Hiraizumi. The gardens of Joruri-ji and Enjo-ji are of a similar style. In the Muromachi period, there are the gardens of Hojochi Pond in front of the Sanmon Gate of Zen temples, Eihoji Temple, Rokuonji Temple (Kinkakuji Temple), and Jishoji Temple (Ginkakuji Temple). Folding screen paintings show that ornamental gardens with ponds as their center were also created in houses built in the main hall style. In the early modern period, large gardens with ponds as their center were created in villas in the suburbs. Well-known strolling gardens where visitors can walk around the pond and enjoy the scenery include Katsura Imperial Villa and Shugakuin Imperial Villa in Kyoto, Rikugien Garden in Tokyo, Korakuen Garden in Okayama, Kenrokuen Garden in Kanazawa, Suizenji Park in Kumamoto, and Ritsurin Park in Takamatsu. Many of the ponds in modern parks were created in the style of Western gardens.

Western gardens began with ponds in Roman courtyards and villas, and during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, well-known examples included Roman ponds centered around fountains and the huge, highly artificial, geometric ponds in the gardens of the Palace of Versailles.

In the Orient, too, there are garden ponds from the Ming and Qing dynasties that imitate natural Chinese landscapes, and they vary in size from vast ponds to small ones decorated with strangely shaped rocks in the front yards of houses.

[Hirai Sei]

Ponds and human life

In Asian regions where rice paddy fields are widespread, ponds and rural life are inseparably linked, just as in Japan, and there are various religious rites and legends related to them. The origin of ponds in the Korean peninsula also seems to be linked to irrigation farming, and records of their use in countries as far back as Baekje and Silla remain in the "Samguk Sagi." Therefore, it is speculated that the technology and knowledge of Korea influenced the construction of ponds in ancient Japan to a certain extent. Other ponds in Korea are the palace ponds that were attached to the ruler's palace, and the lotus ponds in Buddhist temples, which are similar to those in Japan. In China, in addition to the ponds mentioned above, multipurpose ponds can be found from the Warring States period, such as military facilities for defense and drinking water, and fish farms. In Cambodia, there are many examples of depressions that were created after the removal of soil for the construction and maintenance of Buddhist temples, and these can be said to be the crystallization of traditional wisdom in that they also serve the functions of storing and draining water. While bathing ponds were provided within temple grounds, large ponds were always built in royal palaces, as seen in the famous Angkor Thom ruins, and were used as a tool for sanctifying royalty. At Tikal, a large Mayan ruin in Guatemala, Central America, the remains of a quarry became a pond from which the Mayans obtained drinking water. At the Chichen Itza ruins on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, there is a pond called the "Pool of Sacrifice," where legends of human sacrifices are told.

[Yuji Seki]

The legend of the pond

Most of the legends about ponds, including lakes and marshes, involve people seeking divine will through changes in the sound of the water's surface, or about the water becoming possessed by spirits when a protagonist drowns in the water. In the former type, where a response appears when one chants a prayer, there are ponds where bubbles and sand bubble up from the bottom (such as in the former Hirata-machi area in the eastern part of Sakata City, Yamagata Prefecture, and Kimitsu City, Chiba Prefecture), and these are called Nembutsu ponds. These legends were likely born from the chanting of non-monk, non-lay saints in the medieval and early modern periods. Ubagaike Pond is of the type where an old woman throws herself into the pond and the pond responds. If the protagonist is an ascetic, it would be the same type as Nembutsu Pond. It is thought that this type of legend was passed down when a shrine maiden or yorimasashi, who are associated with water, replaced the old woman as an old god. This is also common to the old tales "The Golden Hatchet" and "Ryugu Doji," and is related to the belief in the mother and child goddess. The legend of Makomo Pond, which appears in narrative literature, including fragments, such as "The Mandarin Ducks of Aso Numa," volume 8 of the "Shasekishu," is a type of legend in which either a male or female mandarin duck is shot, and the one that survives dies as well. This legend, which is the origin of Toko-ji Temple in Ina City, Nagano Prefecture, is a tale of awakening. In addition, there is a type of legend in which the sound of weaving can be heard at the bottom of the water at Hataori-buchi, and is often linked to young women jumping into their deaths.

Legends of ponds with snakes as their masters, or of a snake marrying a local girl who then drowns in them, are also thought to have originated from the legends of the water god and the shrine maidens who worship him. Also, the legends of ponds called Kurai-ike or Umatori-ike, in which a horse drowns in the water and a saddle can be seen at the bottom on certain days, are likely adaptations of legends of the water god riding on a horse to visit.

The mysticism of deep, stagnant water and its indispensability to life have been associated with many legends and have undergone many twists and turns since ancient times. Not only ponds, but also clear water, wells, and deep pools have many legends about supernatural powers. These likely gave rise to various tales of people drowning in water, or strange happenings occurring to those who live there. It is believed that these legends were managed and spread by people who sought to appease the spirits of the water.

[Shogo Watanabe]

[References] | Angkor Thom | Lord of the pond | Eel pond |Eiho-ji temple | Enjo-ji temple|Okayama Korakuen | Katsura Imperial Villa | Kenrokuen | Golden hatchet | Lakes | Lakeology | Sakutei -ki | Sankoku-shiki | Jishoji temple |Shasekishu|Shugakuin Imperial Villa|Joruri- ji temple | Artificial reservoir | Shinden -zukuri| Suizenji Jojuen | Reservoir | Chichen Itza|Gardens | Tikal | Kaori - fuchi | Human offering |Byodo-in temple|Palace of Versailles|Motsu-ji temple | Bathing | Rikugien garden | Ritsurin Garden | Ryugu-douji | Rokuon- ji temple
Eihoji Temple
This temple was founded in 1313 (Showa 2) and is of the Nanzenji school of the Rinzai sect. The photo shows the garden (nationally designated as a scenic spot) designed under the guidance of Muso Soseki. The harmony of the Shinji Pond in front of the hall and the arched bridge known as Mujibashi expresses the state of Zen. The Kannon Hall (national treasure) visible in the background is a mix of Japanese and Chinese styles, and is a representative example of Chinese architecture from the late Kamakura to early Muromachi periods. Tajimi City, Gifu Prefecture © Eihoji ">

Eihoji Temple

Rikugien Garden
A stroll-style garden with a large pond and an island in the middle. It was landscaped in the Edo period, restored by Iwasaki Yataro in the early Meiji period, and donated to the city of Tokyo by the Iwasaki family in 1938 (Showa 13). It covers an area of ​​approximately 88,000 km. It is one of the few natural walking parks remaining in the city center, and is a place of relaxation for Tokyo residents. Nationally designated Special Place of Scenic Beauty Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo © Tokyo Convention & Visitors Bureau ">

Rikugien Garden

Okayama Korakuen
Nationally designated special scenic spot Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture © Okayama Tourism and Convention Association

Okayama Korakuen

Kenrokuen (winter)
Snow scenery of Kasumigaike Lake. The surface of the water is covered with ice, creating a different atmosphere from the seasons of fresh greenery and autumn leaves. Nationally designated Special Place of Scenic Beauty Kanazawa City, Ishikawa Prefecture ©Shogakukan ">

Kenrokuen (winter)

Ritsurin Garden
Lake Minami. In the center of the photo is Engetsukyo Bridge. Nationally designated special scenic spot Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture © Kagawa Prefecture Tourism Association

Ritsurin Garden

Hadrian's Villa
The villa of Roman Emperor Hadrian, built in the 2nd century. Located on a hill about 30km east of Rome, the vast grounds feature reproductions of buildings and landscapes from various regions that were part of the Roman Empire's territories at the time. The photo shows the reconstructed pond of the Egyptian city of Canopus. World Heritage Site "Villa Adriana (Tivoli)" (Italy, registered in 1999) Tivoli, Italy ©Shogakukan ">

Hadrian's Villa


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

池とは、湖と同じく窪地(くぼち)にたまった水をさすが、水域の規模が小さい場合に多く使われる。湖沼学では、水深5メートル以下のとき、沼または池とよぶことにしているが、この区分は厳密なものではない。池は自然湖沼にも使われるが、人工の水域、すなわち貯水池や溜池(ためいけ)に使われる場合が多い。

 日本には21万か所に近い農業用溜池があり、なかには水深10メートル以上の大きな溜池も多いが、その多くが池の名でよばれている。庭園の人工的な水域も池の名でよばれる。小さな自然湖も池というが、例外的に鹿児島県の鰻池(うなぎいけ)(水深56メートル、面積1.15平方キロメートルの火山湖)などの中規模の湖でも池の名でよばれることがあり、湖沼学上の定義と実際の呼び名は一致していない。

[新井 正]

池と庭園

日本庭園の池の古い例は、推古(すいこ)天皇の時代の蘇我馬子(そがのうまこ)の庭園のそれである。池と島の景によって、馬子は島の大臣(おとど)とよばれ、その邸(やしき)の跡につくられた離宮は島宮(しまのみや)とよばれた。奈良時代の池は、平城京左京三条二坊から発掘されている。平安時代には寝殿造の住宅の南部に池が設けられ、庭園に関する書『作庭記』も著された。平安時代には、宇治の平等院、平泉の毛越寺(もうつうじ)のように、浄土教寺院にも池がつくられている。同様の系統に浄瑠璃寺(じょうるりじ)、円成寺(えんじょうじ)の庭園がある。室町時代には、禅宗寺院の三門前の放生池(ほうじょうち)や永保寺(えいほうじ)の庭園のほか、鹿苑寺(ろくおんじ)(金閣寺)、慈照寺(じしょうじ)(銀閣寺)の庭園などがある。主殿造の住宅にも池を中心とする観賞用庭園がつくられたことが屏風絵(びょうぶえ)などから知られる。近世には、郊外の別邸に、池を中心とする大規模な庭園がつくられた。京都の桂離宮(かつらりきゅう)、修学院(しゅがくいん)離宮などのほか、東京の六義園(りくぎえん)、岡山後楽園(こうらくえん)、金沢の兼六園、熊本の水前寺(すいぜんじ)公園、高松の栗林(りつりん)公園など、池を巡って景色を楽しむ回遊式庭園がよく知られている。近代の公園内の池は、西洋庭園の形式でつくられたものが多い。

 西洋庭園は、ローマ時代の中庭の池や別邸の池に始まり、ルネサンス・バロック時代には、ローマの噴水を中心とする池、ベルサイユ宮殿の庭に設けられた幾何学的形態のきわめて人工的な巨大な池などがよく知られている。

 東洋においても、中国における自然の風景を模した明(みん)・清(しん)代の園林の池があり、その規模も広大なものから、住宅前庭の奇岩をあしらった小さなものまでさまざまである。

[平井 聖]

池と人間生活

水田耕作地の広がるアジア地域では、日本と同様に池と農村生活は切り離すことのできない密接な関係にあり、これに関するさまざまな宗教儀礼、伝説を有している。朝鮮半島の池の起源も灌漑(かんがい)耕作と結び付いているようで、遠く『三国史記』にも百済(くだら)、新羅(しらぎ)の国々で利用されていた記録が残っている。したがって、日本古代の池の築造に際し、その技術、知識が少なからず影響を与えたという推測もなされている。このほか朝鮮の池には、支配者の王宮に付き物の宮苑池(きゅうえんち)、仏教寺院の蓮池(れんち)が見受けられ、日本と類似している。中国では、前記の池のほか、戦国時代から防護、飲料を目的とした軍事施設、養魚場といった多目的な池の姿をみいだすことができる。またカンボジアでは、仏教寺院建立、維持のための盛り土を採取したあとの窪地が池になったという例が多く、これらは同時に貯水、排水の機能も兼ねている点で、伝統的な知恵の結晶といえる。また寺院の境内には沐浴(もくよく)のための池が設けられる一方、有名なアンコール・トム遺跡にみられるように、王宮には大池がかならずつくられ、王権の神聖化の道具として利用された。中米グアテマラにあるマヤ文明の大遺跡ティカルでは、採石場の跡が池になり、マヤ人がここから飲料水を得ている。またメキシコ、ユカタン半島のチチェン・イツァー遺跡には、「いけにえの池」とよばれ、人身供犠(じんしんくぎ)(人身御供(ひとみごくう))の伝説が語り伝えられている池がある。

[関 雄二]

池の伝説

湖沼を含めた池の伝説は、水面の音の変化によって神意を尋ねようとするもの、主人公の入水(じゅすい)によって水が霊を宿すという類がほとんどである。念仏を称(とな)えると反応が現れるという前者の類では、池底から泡や砂の湧(わ)くもの(山形県酒田市東部の旧平田町地域、千葉県君津(きみつ)市など)があり、念仏池とよばれる。中近世の非僧非俗の聖(ひじり)たちの唱導から生まれた伝説であろう。姥ヶ池(うばがいけ)は老女投身によりその池が返事をするという類。主人公が行者であれば念仏池と同型となる。水に縁のある巫女(みこ)や憑坐(よりまし)が姥神に変わってこの型の伝承が伝えられたと考える。これは昔話「黄金(こがね)の鉈(なた)」「竜宮童子(りゅうぐうどうじ)」にも共通し、母子神信仰とも関係がある。『沙石(しゃせき)集』巻8「阿曽(あそ)沼の鴛鴦(えんおう)」など、断片を含めて説話文学に登場する真菰池(まこもいけ)の伝説は、オシドリの雌雄どちらかが射(う)たれて無事なほうも死ぬという類。長野県伊那(いな)市東光寺の縁起であるそれは、発心譚(ほっしんたん)になっている。そのほかに、機織淵(はたおりぶち)に同じく水底に機を織る音が聞こえるという類は、若い女性の投身と結び付いている場合が多い。

 池の主を蛇とするもの、または蛇が土地の娘と結ばれてその娘の入水に発展する伝説も、水の神とそれを祀(まつ)る巫女の伝承から生まれたものと考えられる。また、鞍池(くらいけ)、馬取池(うまとりいけ)などと称して、馬の入水によりある特定の日に水底に鞍が見えるという伝説も、水の神が馬に乗って臨幸する伝承から脚色されたものであろう。

 深いよどみをたたえた水の神秘性と、生活に欠かせなかった水には、古代からさまざまな伝承が付帯し屈折を経てきた。池に限らず、清水、井、淵などには、霊異を感得した伝承が多い。それらがさまざまの入水譚を創作し、またはそこにすむ主の怪異譚を生んだのであろう。そしてこれらの伝説は、水の霊を鎮める人々の手によって管理され、伝播(でんぱ)してきたものと考えられる。

[渡邊昭五]

[参照項目] | アンコール・トム | 池の主 | 鰻池 | 永保寺 | 円成寺 | 岡山後楽園 | 桂離宮 | 兼六園 | 黄金の鉈 | 湖沼 | 湖沼学 | 作庭記 | 三国史記 | 慈照寺 | 沙石集 | 修学院離宮 | 浄瑠璃寺 | 人造貯水池 | 寝殿造 | 水前寺成趣園 | 溜池 | チチェン・イツァー | 庭園 | ティカル | 機織淵 | 人身御供 | 平等院 | ベルサイユ宮殿 | 毛越寺 | 沐浴 | 六義園 | 栗林公園 | 竜宮童子 | 鹿苑寺
永保寺
1313年(正和2)創建の臨済宗南禅寺派の寺。写真は夢窓疎石の指導による庭園(国指定名勝)。堂の前に広がる心字池、無際橋とよばれる反橋などの調和が、禅の境地を表現する。奥に見える観音堂(国宝)は和様・唐様折衷で、鎌倉末期~室町初期の唐様の代表的建築である。岐阜県多治見市©永保寺">

永保寺

六義園
大池泉と中島を中心とした回遊式築山泉水庭園。江戸時代に造園され、明治初年に岩崎弥太郎が復旧、1938年(昭和13)岩崎家から東京市に寄贈された。面積約8万8000km。都心に残された数少ない自然散策公園として都民の憩いの場となっている。国指定特別名勝 東京都文京区©公益財団法人東京観光財団">

六義園

岡山後楽園
国指定特別名勝 岡山県岡山市©公益社団法人おかやま観光コンベンション協会">

岡山後楽園

兼六園(冬)
霞ヶ池の雪景色。水面は氷におおわれ、新緑や紅葉の季節とはまた異なる趣を呈する。国指定特別名勝 石川県金沢市©Shogakukan">

兼六園(冬)

栗林公園
南湖。写真中央は偃月橋。国指定特別名勝 香川県高松市©公益社団法人香川県観光協会">

栗林公園

ハドリアヌス帝の別荘
2世紀に建てられたローマ皇帝ハドリアヌスの別荘。ローマの東約30kmの丘陵にあり、広大な敷地には、当時属領となった各地の建造物や景色が再現されていた。写真は再現されたエジプトの都市「カノプス」の池。世界文化遺産「ビラ・アドリアーナ(チボリ)」(イタリア・1999年登録) イタリア チボリ©Shogakukan">

ハドリアヌス帝の別荘


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