Legendary emperors of ancient China. It is said that before the Xia Dynasty, the oldest dynasty in China, there was a reign of a total of eight sage kings, including the Three Emperors and the Five Emperors that followed them. However, as the Records of the Grand Historian lists both theories that the Three Emperors were Fuxi, Nuwa, and Shennong, or that they were the Emperor, the Earth Emperor, and the Human Emperor, there are various theories about who the Three Emperors and Five Emperors were. Fuxi is said to have created the Book of Changes, Nuwa to have created mankind, and Shennong to have taught the people agriculture, so the legend of the Three Emperors has a strong mythical color. Sima Qian also places a description of the Five Emperors at the beginning of the Records of the Grand Historian, and describes the five emperors, Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu, Emperor Huo, Emperor Yao, and Emperor Shun, but he has doubts about the Three Emperors that were said to have preceded them and does not mention them. The description of the Three Emperors was added to the Records of the Grand Historian during the Tang Dynasty. In this way, the older the period in ancient Chinese history, the later it was added, and the more recent its creation is. This is called the "addition theory," and according to this way of thinking, the era of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors did not actually exist in ancient China, but was merely grafted onto the Xia Dynasty later on. It is thought that this is also why there is no consensus on who the Three Emperors and Five Emperors were. [Tota Kirimoto] A later publication: "Annals of the Five Emperors" compiled by Sima Qian, published during the reign of King Seonjo (1567-1608), held at the National Diet Library . Records of the Grand Historian Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中国古代の伝説上の帝王。中国最古の王朝である夏(か)王朝の前に、三皇とそれに続く五帝の合計8人の聖王による治世が存在していたと伝えられているが、『史記』が三皇を伏羲(ふくぎ)、女媧(じょか)、神農(しんのう)、あるいは天皇、地皇、人皇とする両説を併載しているように、だれを三皇五帝とするかについてはさまざまな説がある。伏羲は易をつくり、女媧は人類を生み出し、神農は民に農業を教えたとされ、三皇の伝説には神話的色彩が強い。また司馬遷(しばせん)は、五帝に関する記述を『史記』の冒頭に置き、黄帝(こうてい)、顓頊(せんぎょく)、帝嚳(こく)、帝堯(ぎょう)、帝舜(しゅん)の5人の帝について述べているが、それに先行するとされた三皇については疑いを抱いて取り上げていない。 三皇の記述が『史記』に付け加えられるのは唐代になってからである。このように、中国の古代史は時代が古いところほどあとから積み上げられたものであり、その成立はかえって新しいとされている。これを加上説とよぶが、この考え方に従うと、三皇五帝の時代は中国の古代に実在せず、観念的にあとから夏王朝の前に接ぎ木されたものであることがわかる。三皇五帝がだれであるのか一定していないのも、そのためであると考えられている。 [桐本東太] 後世の刊本。「五帝本紀」 司馬遷撰 宣祖年間(1567~1608)刊国立国会図書館所蔵"> 『史記』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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