Settsu Province

The old name of the provinces in the northwest of Osaka Prefecture and the southeast of Hyogo Prefecture. One of the Five Kinai Provinces. It borders Yamashiro Province and Kawachi Province to the east, Harima Province to the west, Tamba Province to the north, Izumi Province to the south, and faces Osaka Bay. In ancient times, it was included in Kawachi Province, and was also called Tsunokuni (port country) because it was blessed with ports such as Naniwa-no-tsu and Muko-no-tomari. During the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Naniwa Takatsu Palace was built, Naniwa Nagara Toyosaki Palace in 645 (Taika 1), and Naniwa Palace in 744 (Tenpyo 16), making it the location of the imperial capital three times. During this time, the Settsu Office was established along with the establishment of the provincial, county, and village system. It was first seen in 677 (6th year of Emperor Tenmu) when Tajihi no Kimimaro became the head of Settsushoku (the chief priest of Settsu Province). In 793 (12th year of Enryaku), Settsushoku was also abolished along with Naniwa Palace, and Settsu Province was officially established. There are many unknowns about the location of the provincial capital, but it is believed to have been moved to the current Tenmabashi area of ​​Osaka City. The location of the provincial temple is also unclear, but it is said that the provincial temple in Kokubuncho, Tennoji Ward, the Hokkeji temple in Kunijima 2-chome, Higashiyodogawa Ward, or the provincial temple in Kokubunji 2-chome, Kita Ward, are the successors of the provincial temple and the provincial nunnery. The Engishiki lists 13 counties, namely Sumiyoshi, Kudara, Hinkashinari (later Higashinari), Nishinari, Shimakami, Shimanoshimo, Toshima, Nose, Kawanohe, Arima, Muko, Uhara, and Yatabe, but it is thought that Kudara county lost its substance at the end of the Heian period and was merged into Sumiyoshi and Higashinari counties. During the Heian period, many manors were established, but during his term of office, the former governor of Settsu Province, Minamoto no Mitsunaka, established his base in Tada Manor in Teshima County, where he formed a group of samurai and marked a turning point in the expansion of the power of the Seiwa Genji clan. During the heyday of the Taira clan, Taira no Kiyomori worked hard to manage Owada Port (Kobe Port) and built a villa in Fukuhara in Muko County (Hyogo Ward, Kobe City).

After the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate, the land stewards' encroachment on manors became more and more prominent, and the Jōkyū War broke out when the Jōkyū steward, who had seized the land of the Shirabyōshi Kamegiku, a favourite of the retired Emperor Go-Toba, came into conflict with the Shogunate over the dismissal of the steward. As the Shogunate's control was soon disrupted, villains ran rampant throughout the country, and in 1315 (the 4th year of the Showa era) they broke into the Hyogo Barrier and engaged in battle with the Shugoshi. During the Nanboku-cho period, it was a target of battle as a strategic military location for controlling Kyoto, and battles were fought repeatedly at Teshimagawara, Minatogawa, Abeno, and other locations. Then, in the Muromachi period, Hongan-ji Temple intervened in the civil war between the Hosokawa clans, and the area took on the appearance of a warring states period. In 1532 (Tenbun 1), Hongan-ji Temple moved its foundations to Ishiyama in Osaka, forming a temple town within the temple grounds, and strengthening its defenses, it came to be called Ishiyama Hongan-ji Castle, but was defeated in the Battle of Ishiyama by Oda Nobunaga. After Nobunaga's death, Toyotomi Hideyoshi took control of Osaka, expanding the site of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple Town to build Osaka Castle and a castle town. After the fall of the Toyotomi clan, the Edo Shogunate took direct control of Osaka and established four small domains within Settsu Province - Asada, Takatsuki, Amagasaki, and Sanda - and also gave fiefs to many daimyo and hatamoto (military vassals), and established a complex web of rule over the territories of imperial families, courtiers, shrines, and temples, which continued until the end of the Edo period.

In 1871 (Meiji 4), the feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were established, and the four feudal domains became prefectures, with Asada Prefecture and Takatsuki Prefecture incorporated into Osaka Prefecture, and Amagasaki Prefecture and Sanda Prefecture incorporated into Hyogo Prefecture. In 1896, new districts were created, with Higashinari and Sumiyoshi counties merged to form Higashinari County, Shimakami and Shimashita counties to form Mishima County, Teshima and Nose counties to form Toyono County, and Ubara and Yabu counties incorporated into Muko County, making a total of seven counties. The four counties of Nishinari, Higashinari, Mishima, and Toyono belong to Osaka Prefecture, while the three counties of Kawabe, Arima, and Muko belong to Hyogo Prefecture. Currently, Osaka Prefecture consists of eight cities - Osaka, Toyonaka, Ikeda, Minoh, Takatsuki, Suita, Ibaraki, and Settsu - and two counties, Toyono and Mishima, while Hyogo Prefecture consists of eight cities - Kobe, Amagasaki, Nishinomiya, Ashiya, Itami, Takarazuka, Kawanishi, and Sanda - and Kawabe county.

In the early modern period, sake, cotton, and rapeseed were famous as local products, and sake from Itami, Ikeda, Nishinomiya, and Nada, Kawasakishima cotton, Katsuma cotton, Tsumura cotton woven obi and tabi, etc. were shipped all over the country. Also well known were plants and charcoal from Ikeda, agar from Hokusetsu (Takatsuki and Ibaraki City), and granite from Muko.

[Atsushi Fujimoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

大阪府北西部と兵庫県南東部の旧国名。五畿内(きない)の一つ。東は山城(やましろ)国と河内(かわち)国、西は播磨(はりま)国、北は丹波(たんば)国に接し、南は和泉(いずみ)国に接するほか大阪湾に臨む。古くは河内国に含まれ、難波津(なにわのつ)、武庫泊(むこのとまり)などの港津(こうしん)に恵まれて津国(つのくに)ともよばれた。仁徳(にんとく)朝に難波高津宮(たかつのみや)、645年（大化1）に難波長柄豊碕宮(ながらとよさきのみや)、744年（天平16）に難波宮が造営され、三たび帝都の所在地となる。この間、国郡里制の整備とともに摂津職(しき)が置かれた。677年（天武天皇6）丹比公麻呂(たじひのきみまろ)が摂津職大夫(かみ)となったのが初見。793年（延暦12）難波宮の廃止とともに摂津職も廃止されて、正式に摂津国となる。国府所在地は不明な点が多いが、のち現在の大阪市天満(てんま)橋付近に移されたらしい。国分寺も明確でなく、天王寺区国分町の国分寺、東淀川(よどがわ)区柴島(くにじま)2丁目の法華寺、あるいは北区国分寺2丁目の国分寺を国分寺、国分尼寺の後身と伝える。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』には住吉(すみよし)、百済(くだら)、東生(ひんかしなり)（のち東成(ひがしなり)）、西成(にしなり)、島上(しまのかみ)、島下(しまのしも)、豊島(としま)、能勢(のせ)、河辺(かわのへ)、有馬(ありま)、武庫、菟原(うはら)、八部(やたべ)の13郡がみえるが、百済郡は平安末期に実態を失って、住吉、東成両郡に併合されたと考えられる。平安時代には荘園(しょうえん)が乱立したが、前摂津国司源満仲(みつなか)は、在任中に豊島(てしま)郡多田(ただ)荘に本拠を構え、武士団を結成して清和(せいわ)源氏の勢力伸張の転機をつくり、平氏の全盛時には平清盛(きよもり)が大輪田(おおわだ)泊（神戸港）の経営に努め、武庫郡福原（神戸市兵庫区）に離宮を造営した。

　鎌倉幕府成立後は地頭(じとう)の荘園侵犯が著しく、後鳥羽上皇寵愛(ごとばちょうあい)の白拍子(しらびょうし)亀菊の所領、長江(ながえ)・椋橋(くらはし)両荘を押領(おうりょう)した地頭の罷免問題から、上皇と幕府が対立して承久(じょうきゅう)の乱が起こったという。やがて幕府の統制が乱れると悪党が国内に横行、1315年（正和4）には兵庫関に乱入して守護使と一戦を交えている。南北朝時代には京都を制する軍事上の要地として争奪の的となり、豊島(てしま)河原、湊川(みなとがわ)、阿倍野(あべの)などで合戦が繰り返され、ついで室町時代には両細川(ほそかわ)の内乱に本願寺が介入して、戦国の様相を呈した。本願寺は1532年（天文1）大坂石山に寺基を移して寺内(じない)町を形成、防備を固めて石山本願寺城とよばれたが、織田信長との石山合戦で敗れた。信長没後大坂を手中にした豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉は、石山本願寺寺内町の跡地を広げて大坂城を築き城下町を建設。豊臣氏滅亡ののち、江戸幕府は大坂を直轄地とし、摂津国内に麻田、高槻(たかつき)、尼崎(あまがさき)、三田(さんだ)の四小藩を置いたほか、多くの大名・旗本に分封し、宮家、堂上(とうしょう)家、社寺などの所領と複雑な入組支配をさせて幕末に至る。

　1871年（明治4）廃藩置県により、4藩はそれぞれ県になり、麻田県・高槻県は大阪府、尼崎県・三田県は兵庫県に編入された。なお96年には新郡区を編制し、東成・住吉両郡を合して東成郡、島上・島下の2郡をもって三島(みしま)郡、豊島・能勢両郡をあわせて豊能(とよの)郡とし、菟原・八部の2郡を武庫郡に編入して7郡とした。西成・東成・三島・豊能の4郡は大阪府、川辺(かわべ)・有馬・武庫3郡は兵庫県に属し、いま大阪府下に大阪・豊中・池田・箕面(みのお)・高槻・吹田(すいた)・茨木(いばらき)・摂津の8市と豊能・三島の2郡、兵庫県下に神戸・尼崎・西宮(にしのみや)・芦屋(あしや)・伊丹(いたみ)・宝塚・川西(かわにし)・三田の8市と川辺郡がある。

　産物では、近世に酒と木綿と菜種(なたね)が著名で、伊丹・池田・西宮・灘(なだ)の酒、川崎嶋(しま)木綿・勝間(こつま)木綿、津村木綿織帯および足袋(たび)などは全国各地に出荷された。また池田の植木や炭、北摂（高槻・茨木市）の寒天、武庫の御影石(みかげいし)なども知られた。

［藤本　篤］

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