Childcare leave - childcare leave

Japanese: 育児休業 - いくじきゅうぎょう
Childcare leave - childcare leave

This is leave for childcare, and eligible workers can return to work after the leave ends. In Japan, it was initially only implemented by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation (now Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation) and a few private companies, but the Childcare Leave Act (officially titled the Act on Childcare Leave for Female Educational Staff of Compulsory Education Schools, etc., and Nurses and Nursery Teachers of Medical and Social Welfare Facilities, etc., Act No. 62 of 1975) was enacted in July 1975, and it became applicable only to women, such as female teachers at national and public schools, nurses and nursery teachers at social welfare facilities, etc. Later, the need for a full-scale system grew, and the Childcare Leave Act (Act No. 76 of 1991) was enacted, applying to workers at all establishments, and came into effect in April 1992 (however, establishments with 30 or fewer employees were given a three-year grace period). In 1995, a provision regarding family care leave (an obligation to make efforts) was added, and the name of the law became the "Act on the Welfare of Workers Who Take Childcare Leave, etc. for Caring for Children or Other Family Members." In 1999, the family care leave system was made mandatory, and the title was changed to the "Act on the Welfare of Workers Who Take Childcare Leave, etc. for Caring for Children or Other Family Members" (abbreviated as the "Childcare and Family Care Leave Act"). Since then, it has undergone several revisions to reach its current form.

Under the current system, workers who are raising children under the age of one (both male and female workers whose employment contracts are not expected to expire before the child turns one year and six months) can take childcare leave up to two separate times per child (can be extended to one year and six months or two years by request to the employer). If both parents take childcare leave, they can take it until the child turns one year and two months. In addition, a childcare leave system at birth (male version of maternity leave) has been established, which allows employees to take up to four weeks of leave in two separate times within eight weeks of the child's birth if they apply two weeks before the leave (scheduled to be implemented in October 2022). Employers will be required to inform employees who will have children about the childcare leave system and confirm their intention to take it (from April 2022), and companies with more than 1,000 employees will be required to publicize the status of childcare leave taken (from April 2023). Workers who are raising children up to the age of starting elementary school are subject to restrictions on overtime work (working more than 24 hours per month, 150 hours per year) and night work (working between 10 pm and 5 am), and can take up to five days of nursing care leave per year (10 days if there are two or more children), in hourly increments. In addition, workers raising children under the age of three are eligible for restrictions on non-scheduled work (exemption from overtime) and reduced scheduled working hours. Employers must not treat workers unfavorably (dismiss, cut wages, demote, etc.) for requesting childcare leave, nursing care leave, or restrictions on overtime work, and must take measures to prevent harassment.

During childcare leave, if certain conditions are met, childcare leave benefits are paid from employment insurance. The amount of the benefit is 67% of the average salary for the six months prior to the start of the childcare leave for the first six months, and 50% after the first six months.

[Yoshio Yuasa, Editorial Department, November 17, 2021]

[Reference items] | Childcare and Family Care Leave Law | Female Labor | Maternity Protection

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

育児のための休暇で、適用労働者は休暇終了後ふたたび職場に復帰することができる。日本では当初、日本電信電話公社(現、日本電信電話株式会社)や若干の民間企業において実施されていたにすぎなかったが、1975年(昭和50)7月に成立した「育児休業法」(正式名称は「義務教育諸学校等の女子教育職員及び医療施設、社会福祉施設等の看護婦、保母等の育児休業に関する法律」昭和50年法律62号)によって、国・公立学校の女性教師、社会福祉施設の看護婦や保母など、女性に限って適用されるようになった。その後、本格的な制度導入の必要性が高まり、1991年(平成3)「育児休業等に関する法律」(平成3年法律76号)が成立、全事業所の労働者に適用されるようになり、1992年4月から施行(ただし、従業員30人以下の事業所は3年間の猶予)された。1995年には介護休業についての規定(努力義務)が追加され、法律名は「育児休業等育児又は家族介護を行う労働者の福祉に関する法律」となり、1999年には介護休業制度が義務化されたのをきっかけに「育児休業、介護休業等育児又は家族介護を行う労働者の福祉に関する法律」(略称「育児・介護休業法」)と改題され、その後いくたびかの改正を経て現在に至っている。

 現行制度においては、原則として満1歳未満の子を養育する労働者(子が1歳6か月になるまでの間に雇用契約が満了することが明らかでない男女労働者)は、1人の子につき原則として分割して2回まで育児休業を取得することができる(事業主への申し出により1歳6か月または2歳まで延長可能)。両親ともに育児休業を取得する場合は、子が1歳2か月になるまで取得可能となっている。また、出生時育児休業(男性版産休)制度が設けられ、休業の2週間前までに申し出れば、子の出生後8週間以内に分割して2回、4週間まで取得できる(実施2022年10月めど)。事業主には、子が生まれる従業員に育児休業の制度を個別に周知し、取得の意向を確認すること(2022年4月~)、さらに従業員数1000人超の企業には育児休業取得状況の公表(2023年4月~)が義務づけられる。小学校就学の始期に達するまでの子を養育する労働者については、時間外労働(1か月24時間、1年150時間を超える労働)・深夜業(午後10時から午前5時までの労働)の制限が受けられ、1年に5日(2人以上の場合は10日)まで看護休暇の取得が時間単位でも可能である。そのほか3歳未満の子を養育する労働者は、所定外労働の制限(残業の免除)や所定労働時間短縮の措置を受けることができる。事業者は、育児休業・看護休暇・時間外労働の制限などの申し出を理由に、労働者に対して不利益な取扱い(解雇・減給・降格など)をしてはならず、ハラスメントの防止措置を講じなければならない。

 育児休業中は、要件を満たせば雇用保険から育児休業給付金が支給される。給付額は、育児休業開始日から半年間は育児休業前6か月間の平均賃金の67%、半年以降は50%となっている。

[湯浅良雄・編集部 2021年11月17日]

[参照項目] | 育児・介護休業法 | 女性労働 | 母性保護

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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